<p>The Courantyne/Corentyne/Corantijn River is a river in northern South America in Suriname. It is the longest river in the country.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The river runs through the Guianan moist forests ecoregion.</p><br>
<p>It originates in the Acarai Mountains and flows northward via the Boven (Upper) Courantyne which is the source river for approximately 724 km between Guyana and Suriname, emptying into the Atlantic Ocean near Corriverton, Guyana and Nieuw Nickerie, Suriname. A ferry service operates between these two towns.</p><br>
<p>Small ocean-going vessels are able to navigate the river for about 120 km, to Apura, Suriname.</p><br>
<h2>Waterfalls</h2><br>
<p>The Wonotobo Falls, Frederik Willem IV (Anora) Falls, and the King George VI Falls are on the Courantyne River. Other falls include the Barrington Brown Falls, the Drios Falls and the Maopityan Falls.</p><br>
<h2>Territorial dispute</h2><br>
<p>Between the upper reaches of the Courantyne, the Upper Courantyne, the Coeroeni and the Koetari rivers lay the controversial Tigri Area claimed by both Suriname and Guyana. The Guyanese–Surinamese border is the Guyanese river bank (the west bank of the river), Suriname regarded the left bank of the Courantyne as a border, but Guyana disputes this and viewed the center of the river as a frontier, based on the Thalweg Doctrine. This conflict, which has been fueled since the colonial era, was solved in 2007 by a speech by the Hague Arbitration Court, which crosses the border between Guyana and Suriname on the left bank of the river, and the river belongs to the eastern Suriname. The tribunal that defined the maritime boundary between Suriname and Guyana in 2007 confirmed Surinamese sovereignty over the full width of the Courantyne River. Suriname has control over all ship traffic from the mouth of the Courantyne.</p><br>
<p>Grasshopper Glacier is in the Beartooth Mountains, Custer National Forest, Montana, USA The glacier is within the Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness, a part of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Grasshopper Glacier is approximately.20 mi long and.25 mi wide. Starting at a point more than 11,300 ft above sea level, the glacier originally was more than 5 mi long but has receded significantly since first researched in the early 20th century. As of 2007, the glacier consists of several smaller glaciers, each occupying a different north-facing cirque. Grasshopper Glacier was named for the tens of millions of grasshoppers  that have been found entombed in the ice, some for hundreds and perhaps thousands of years. Many of the grasshoppers are of species that are now extinct, and their high level of preservation allowed early researchers to send some specimens to entomologists for identification. During this research it was discovered that some of the grasshoppers were of the extinct species Melanoplus spretus , known to have existed at least up to the beginning of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Known to travel in swarms numbering in the trillions in some years, it is believed that the grasshoppers found in the glacier may have been caught in severe storms and perished. Until the late 20th century, the grasshopper remains were quite common; however, lower snowfall rates since the late 1980s and higher temperatures have contributed to a higher melting rate of the glacier and many specimens decompose before they can be retrieved.</p><br>
<p>Access to the glacier is difficult due to poor weather conditions and the requirement to travel via off road vehicle and then hike on foot several miles to the base of the glacier. The road is impassable for up to 10 months of the year. The Beartooth Highway (USA 212) is one of the closest access roads. Two smaller glaciers in the immediate region also have the same species of grasshoppers entombed in their ice; one is also named Grasshopper Glacier, the other simply Hopper Glacier. Other glaciers also bear the name for the same reason, including one in the Crazy Mountains north/northwest of the Beartooths, and Grasshopper Glacier in the Shoshone National Forest in Wyoming.</p><br>
<p>Agios Vasileios  is a village in the municipal unit of Tenea in Corinthia, Greece.</p><br>
<p>It is located about 25 km to the south of the city of Corinth, approximately halfway along the old national road to Argos (GR-7). It lies at the foot of the Dafnias mountains and the Chouni Pass.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>Historical overview</h2><br>
<h3>Prehistory</h3><br>
<p>Archaeological excavations prove that the area around Ayios Vasilios has been settled since pre-historical times. Zygouries, west of Ayios Vasilios, was excavated by the American archaeologist Carl William Blegen in the 1920s. He found a Bronze Age settlement dating from approximately 1300 BC to 1320 BC. Sadly, agricultural work and forestry on Zygouries hill has destroyed one of the most important pre-historical settlements of the Balkans.</p><br>
<p>Obsidian, sherds of which can be found over the whole area (particularly south of Ayios Sostis (the cave of Antonis in the area of Boubakia), in the Chouni Pass southwest of the village, or near the caves on Dafnias mountain) are further proof of prehistoric settlement.</p><br>
<h3>Roman period</h3><br>
<p>Roman emperor Hadrian’s aqueduct from Lake Stymfalia passed through the village of Ayios Vasilios. Traces of it are still visible west of the village at the entrance to the Chouni Pass as well as in the village on the properties of Kafandaris and Vardakas. The settlement on the hill of present-day Archaies Kleones ("Ancient Cleonae"), northwest of Ayios Vasilios, was an important Roman settlement. Homer described the town as well built. Today, remains of the walls of an acropolis have been preserved on the northern part of the hill of Archaies Kleones. Recent archaeological excavations have uncovered a farmstead of a wealthy farmer with very beautiful mosaics in the area of Varella, northeast of Kleones.</p><br>
<h3>Frankish, Venetian and Ottoman rules</h3><br>
<p>The Frankish fortress, the ruins of which lie north of the village on Dafnias mountain overlooking the Chouni Pass, was built sometime between 1204 and 1250. It was built on the site of an earlier Mycenean fort. The archaeologist A. Bon, who excavated the fortress, was of the opinion that the fortress measured 225 m by 130 m in size.</p><br>
<p>In 1365, the fortress was listed in a tax document as belonging to the Florentine banker Niccolò Acciaioli. The same document also suggests that with the development of the fortress, the village had become a centre for the surrounding area. This is the earliest reference to the actual name Ayios Vasilios in any historical document.</p><br>
<p>In 1377, Ayios Vasilios (as Castello de Sancto Basile) is listed as one of the nine fortresses which existed in the Principality of Achaea. The town was described as having 85 houses. It was also claimed that it was the second largest settlement after Corinth in the principality.</p><br>
<p>In 1463, the village fell to the Venetians during the first Venetian-Ottoman war. In 1467, 1469, and 1471 the fortress was destroyed by various rulers. The Venetian census of 1700, shows Ayios Vasilios as having 27 families and 97 dwellers. The villagers were on average less than fifty years old.</p><br>
<h3>After the Ottoman rule</h3><br>
<p>On 26 July 1822 the Battle of Dervenakia (or Ayios Sostis) took place, which saw the defeat and elimination of the Ottoman forces under Dramali. After this battle, Kolokotronis placed guards in the fortress of Ayios Vasilios in order to prevent Ottoman supplies passing through the Chouni Pass.ff</p><br>
<p>In 1836 the village was declared a municipality (dimos) and included the villages of Stefani, Archaies Kleones and Vousbardi. In 1845, the municipalities of Ayios Vasilios and Archaies Kleones were united. In 1885, Ayios Vasilios had 700 inhabitants. In 1912 the village was reduced to the status of kinotita or commune, consisting of one parish. In 1972 an additional parish, Ayios Dimitrios, was created in the village.</p><br>
<h3>Present</h3><br>
<p>In the mid-20th century, Ayios Vasilios was famed for its honey melons. Today, the farms of the village produce olives, apricots, wheat, wine, tobacco and vegetables.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Jannis Koutsoukos, Notes on the history of Agios Vasileios, Corinth 2005.</p><br>
<p>Roebuck Bay is a bay on the coast of the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Its entrance is bounded in the north by the town of Broome, and in the south by Bush Point and Sandy Point. It is named after , the ship captained by William Dampier when he explored the coast of north-western Australia in 1699. The Broome Bird Observatory lies on the northern coast of the bay.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Roebuck Bay is a 550 km (210 mi) tropical, marine embayment. It has red sandy beaches and areas of mangroves, with the eastern edge of the bay being made up of linear tidal creeks. It is surrounded by grasslands and pindan woodland.</p><br>
<p>The northern shore of the bay is dominated by a long and low red cliff, 2–6 m in height, of pindan soil which gives the beaches there their distinctive red colouration. It overlies yellowish-red Broome Sandstone of Cretaceous age which, when exposed at the base of the cliff, shows occasional fossil footprints of dinosaurs.</p><br>
<p>Landward of the mangrove-lined creeks along the eastern shore are bare flats that are only flooded on high spring tides, with the hypersaline soil inhibiting the establishment of vegetation, except for some areas of samphire.</p><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<p>Roebuck Bay experiences a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen, Bsh). The wet season spans the austral summer, with most of the year&#39;s annual precipitation falling during this period, primarily in the form of severe tropical thunderstorms. The lengthier dry season occupies the remainder of the year, typically from May to November, when the temperatures are slightly cooler yet still very warm, and rainfall is extremely light and rare to nearly non-existent. Annual precipitation totals vary locally across the bay; they range from 300 to 550 mm a year. High temperatures during the oppressive austral summer months that frequently exceed 38 °C (100 °F), coupled with uncomfortably high humidity, contribute to often sweltering conditions from November to March, with the highest temperatures and most oppressive humidity typically experienced in February in and around the bay.</p><br>
<h3>Tides</h3><br>
<p>The bay has a very large tidal range which exposes around 160 km of mudflats, 45% of the total bay area, with the tide edge travelling at up to 20 cm per second. Most of the mudflats are inundated each high tide; spring tides or cyclones may also flood adjoining coastal flats. The tidal system is semi-diurnal with an average amplitude of 5.7 m, varying from 1 m on neap tides to 10.5 m on the highest spring tides. These tidal conditions dominate the intertidal ecology.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Roebuck Bay lies in the traditional country of the Jukun and Yawuru Aboriginal peoples. The bay was important for seasonal meetings, exchanging gifts, arranging marriages and settling disputes. Many shellfish middens, marking former camping sites, are visible along the coastal cliffs and dunes. Indigenous people continue to make extensive use of the bay&#39;s natural resources by gathering shellfish, fishing and hunting.</p><br>
<h3>Dutch massacre</h3><br>
<p>In 1942 several Dutch flying boats arrived with refugees from the Dutch East Indies. While</p><br>
<p>laying at anchor in this bay they were attacked by Japanese Zero-fighter planes on 3 March 1942. The flying boats were</p><br>
<p>defenceless and they were repeatedly attacked and sprayed with bullets from machine-guns. A hundred</p><br>
<p>men, women and children were killed, many of them drowned; others were incinerated by the burning</p><br>
<p>fuel on the surface of the water. The wrecks are still in situ, and several of them are visible a few days each year at extreme low tide.</p><br>
<p>On 7 June 1990 some 34,219 ha of the bay and its immediate surrounds were designated as a wetland of international importance, Ramsar Site 479, under the Ramsar Convention.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Eleven mangrove species are found in Roebuck Bay. The mangrove swamps that line the eastern and southern edges of the bay and extend into the tidal creeks are important nursery areas for marine fish and crustaceans, particularly prawns. Extensive seagrass beds across the bay are feeding grounds for Dugongs and Green Turtles. Other marine turtles and dolphins also regularly use the bay.</p><br>
<h3>Waders</h3><br>
<p>The intertidal mud and sand flats support high densities of benthic invertebrates, providing a key food source for waders or shorebirds. The site is one of the most important migration staging, and non-breeding, areas for waders in Australia and within the East Asian – Australasian Flyway. It is a principal spring arrival site in August–October for large proportions of the Australian populations of many species, and especially for the larger ones that travel non-stop from China to Australia. There is high turnover due to the birds moving onwards to south-western and south-eastern Australia, though large numbers remain through summer, and smaller numbers of non-breeding birds stay through winter. The area is also important for the northward movement of waders in autumn, with massed daytime departures taking place in March–April. The total number of waders using the bay each year is estimated to be over 300,000. The northern beaches of the bay, as well as Bush Point, provide important high tide roost sites.</p><br>
<p>The bay&#39;s wader feeding habitats and roosting sites have been identified by BirdLife International as a 928 km Important Bird Area (IBA). The IBA also encompasses the low-lying, occasionally inundated, coastal grasslands to the east of the bay on Roebuck Plains Station, including Lake Eda, where many waders roost during very high tides.</p><br>
<p>The bay regularly supports more than 1% of the population of at least 22 wader species: Greater sand plover, Lesser sand plover, Oriental plover, Red-capped plover, Grey plover, Bar-tailed godwit, Black-tailed godwit, Red knot, Great knot, Red-necked stint, Curlew sandpiper, Sanderling, Eastern curlew, Little curlew, Whimbrel, Common greenshank, Common redshank, Grey-tailed tattler, Terek sandpiper, Ruddy turnstone, Asian dowitcher, and Pied oystercatcher.</p><br>
<h2>Access and usage</h2><br>
<p>Broome is a major tourist destination, and Roebuck Bay is used for recreational and tourism activities such as fishing, sightseeing and birdwatching. Broome Bird Observatory conducts shorebird research and public education.</p><br>
<h2>Transport and communications</h2><br>
<p>Roebuck bay can be accessed by boat from Broome Wharf, approximately 9 kilometres south of Broome Post Office and Broome International Airport.</p><br>
<p>In the 1890s, Roebuck Bay was the terminus of a proposed but stillborn land grant railway from Angle Pole across the border in the Northern Territory. This railway would have been about 1000 miles (1600 km) long.</p><br>
<p>Roebuck Bay, with its sheltered waters, was the site chosen for the undersea telegraph cable from Asia to come ashore in 1871, to continue overland to Perth. This line is not to be confused with the Australian Overland Telegraph Line.</p><br>
<p>Eordaia  is a municipality in the Kozani regional unit, Greece. The seat of the municipality is the town Ptolemaida. The municipality has an area of 708.807 km. The population was 45,592 in 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Municipality</h2><br>
<p>The municipality Eordaia was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 5 former municipalities, that became municipal units:</p><br>
<p>Agia Paraskevi</p><br>
<p>Mouriki</p><br>
<p>Ptolemaida</p><br>
<p>Vermio</p><br>
<p>Vlasti</p><br>
<h2>Province</h2><br>
<p>The province of Eordaia (Επαρχία Εορδαίας) was one of the provinces of the Kozani Prefecture. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipality Eordaia, and a few villages of the municipality Kozani. It was abolished in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The history of Eordaia can be found stretching long before 2000 BCE when the first Greeks known as the Mycenean Greeks began to inhabit this area. Remnants of copper mines exploited from 2700 up until 1200 BCE indicate strongly that the Greeks inhabited Eordaia for many of years. Iron mines have also been exploited in the region.</p><br>
<h2>Recent discoveries</h2><br>
<p>Within a 50-year period, paleontologists and archaeologists have made many discoveries due to the industrial development of the Eordaian countryside. In particular, the skeletal fossils of a prehistoric mammoth, a prehistoric elephant, and Stone Age tools have all been found within the province of Eordaia. These finds add to knowledge on the variety of animal species and human artifacts in this particular region of western Macedonia.</p><br>
<p>Pydna  was a Greek city in ancient Macedon, the most important in Pieria. Modern Pydna is a small town and a former municipality in the northeastern part of Pieria regional unit, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Pydna-Kolindros, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 105.059 km, the community 41.334 km. Pydna is situated in fertile land close to the Thermaic Gulf coast. The main village of the former municipality is Kitros. It lies 6 km north of Korinos, 8 km south of Methoni and 13 km northeast of Katerini. Motorway 1 and the Piraeus–Platy railway  pass east of the village.</p><br>
<h2>Ancient Pydna</h2><br>
<p>Ancient Pydna was already a part of the Macedonian kingdom under Alexander I (Thucydides I.137.1). It was unsuccessfully besieged by the Athenians in 432 BC and again, after seceding from the Macedonian kingdom, in 410 BC by Archelaus I who successfully captured the city and transferred its population further inland, possibly at the site of modern Kitros; however, the old site was re-populated in the early 4th century. The Athenians, under Timotheus, seized Pydna in 364-363 BC, only to have it retaken in 357 BC by Philip II of Macedon. Pydna would remain part of the kingdom of Macedonia until its Roman conquest. In 317 BC, Alexander IIIs mother, Olympias took refuge there to escape from Cassanders wrath, incurred by Olympias&#39; scheming against Phillip III and his wife. Cassander besieged the city and managed to capture it during the spring of 316 BC.</p><br>
<p>The Battle of Pydna (June 22, 168 BC), in which the Roman general Aemilius Paulus defeated King Perseus, ended the reign of the Antigonid dynasty over Macedon.</p><br>
<p>Late in the first millennium of the Christian era Pydna became a bishopric under the name Kitros or Citrus. It is included in the Notitia Episcopatuum of Leo VI the Wise (866–912). Its bishop Germanus participated in the Photian Council of Constantinople (879). In the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade Citrus became a Latin Church diocese, as witnessed by a letter of Pope Innocent III in 1208, which does not give the name of the bishop of the see. It is now listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>The Jemez Mountains  or Tsąmpiyeipįn in Jemez/Towa are a volcanic group of mountains in Rio Arriba, Sandoval, and Los Alamos counties, New Mexico, United States. The highest point in the range is Chicoma Mountain  at an elevation of 11,561 feet . The town of Los Alamos and Los Alamos National Laboratory adjoin the eastern side of the range while the town of Jemez Springs is to the west. Pajarito Mountain Ski Area is the only ski area in the Jemez. New Mexico State Highway 4 is the primary road that provides vehicular access to locations in the Jemez Mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Jemez Mountains lie to the north of the Albuquerque Basin in the Rio Grande rift.</p><br>
<p>They are a classic example of intracontinental volcanism and consist of a broadly circular ridge surrounding the famous Valles Caldera. The most recent known eruption was an obsidian flow dated to 50,000 to 60,000 years before the present; however, most of the volume of the range is composed of rhyolite. The two most recent caldera-forming eruptions, dated to about 1.61 million and 1.22 million years ago, produced massive ignimbrite deposits known as the Otowi and Tshirege members, respectively, of the Bandelier Tuff. Much of the material in these deposits now forms the Pajarito Plateau, a scenic region of canyons and mesas on which Los Alamos is situated. Redondo Peak, the second highest summit in the range at 11,254 ft (3431 m), is a resurgent dome in the middle of the Valles Caldera, which also contains several smaller volcanos. The caldera is segregated by these structures and its rim into multiple lush grass valleys (valles in Spanish, hence the name).</p><br>
<h2>Public use</h2><br>
<p>Much of the range is federal land, including Santa Fe National Forest, Bandelier National Monument, and the Valles Caldera National Preserve. State lands include Fenton Lake State Park at 35&deg;52&prime;58&Prime;N latitude, 106&deg;43&prime;46&Prime;W longitude in Sandoval County. Hiking trails crisscross the range and lead to many of the summits, although some regions are closed to hikers either because of environmental restrictions or because they are on the territory of Santa Clara Pueblo or private land holders. (Access to pueblo lands is available by permit.) The summits are generally easy to climb (in good weather) and require no technical-climbing skills, but rock climbing is popular on some of the basalt cliffs near Los Alamos, Caja del Rio and elsewhere in the range. The mountains also are home to Pajarito Mountain, a small downhill ski area and offer some opportunities for cross country skiing, although not every winter produces enough snow to support this recreational activity. The region is prone to forest fires because of the tendency for spring weather to be dry and windy, creating conditions under which fires caused by human activities or lightning can spread rapidly. The Las Conchas Fire in 2011 was the most recent large wildfire. Parts of Los Alamos National Laboratory were also damaged, although none of the laboratory&#39;s special nuclear materials were threatened or released.</p><br>
<h2>Communities</h2><br>
<p>Census-designated places within the Jemez Mountains include Jemez Springs and Jemez Pueblo.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>The Jemez Mountains are home to a federally endangered species, the Jemez Mountains salamander.</p><br>
<p>Browns Park, originally called Browns Hole, is an isolated mountain valley along the Green River in Moffat County, Colorado and Daggett County, Utah in the United States. The valley begins in far eastern Utah, approximately 25 mi downstream from Flaming Gorge Dam, and follows the river downstream into Colorado, ending at the Gates of Lodore in Dinosaur National Monument. Known as a haven for outlaws such as Butch Cassidy and Tom Horn during the late 19th century, it is now the location of the Browns Park National Wildlife Refuge. It was also the birthplace of Ann Bassett. She and her sister Josie Bassett, were considered female outlaws and girlfriends to several of Cassidys Wild Bunch gang.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the early 19th century, when the Euro-Americans first entered the area, the area was inhabited by Comanche, Shoshoni, and Ute tribal groups. Blackfoot, Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Navaho tribes also visited or used the area. The use of the area by Native Americans was documented by the 1776 Dominguez-Escalante Expedition and by the 1805 Lewis and Clark Expedition. In the 1830s the valley became a favorite location for fur trappers and settlers. In 1837 Fort Davy Crockett was constructed as a trading post and as defense against attacks by the Blackfoot. The fort was abandoned in the 1840s and the population of settlers declined. After the discovery of gold in California in 1848, the valley emerged among ranchers as a favorite wintering ground for cattle. By the 1860s it had acquired a reputation as haven for cattle rustlers, horse thieves, and outlaws, alongside Hole-in-the-Wall, Wyoming and Robbers Roost in Utah. During its outlaw heyday, the Browns Park ethic allowed for most "outlaw deeds" except murder.</p><br>
<p>Butch Cassidy reportedly acquired his nickname while working for a local rancher, and returned to the region repeatedly during his outlaw career.</p><br>
<p>In 1965 the valley became part of the Browns Park National Wildlife Refuge, designated as a habitat for migratory waterfowl. The refuge contains the remains of several historic sites, including "Two Bar Ranch" headquarters; Fort Davy Crockett; Lodore Hall (which still serves as a community center); and several old abandoned cabins and homesteader settlements.</p><br>
<h2>Locations of interest in Browns Park</h2><br>
<p>Browns Park National Wildlife Refuge</p><br>
<p>Crouse Canyon – historic horse trail, modern dirt road</p><br>
<p>Gates of Lodore – historic and modern river access point</p><br>
<p>Irish Canyon – historic horse trail, modern dirt road, petroglyph site</p><br>
<p>John Jarvie Homestead – restored historic homestead</p><br>
<p>Lodore Hall – restored historic community hall - National Register of Historic Places</p><br>
<p>Swinging Bridge – single lane suspension bridge</p><br>
<p>Two-Bar ranch ruins - near Lodore hall - National Register of Historic Places</p><br>
<p>Vermillion Falls – historic Vermillion Creek site</p><br>
<p>The Swan Islands, or Islas Santanilla or Islas del Cisne, is a chain of three islands located in the northwestern Caribbean Sea, approximately 95 mi off the coastline of Honduras, with a land area of 3.1 km&sup2;. The islands are inhabited by a small permanent Honduran navy garrison, located at Great Swan Island.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Swan Islands lie within the exclusive economic zone of Honduras and belong to the Islas de la Bahía department of Honduras. They consist of three islands:</p><br>
<p>Great Swan Island (3 km long, 2 km²)</p><br>
<p>Little Swan (2.4 km long, 0.5 km wide, 1.2 km²)</p><br>
<p>Booby Cay (90 metres long, 70 m off the southwest corner of Great Swan, 5,000 m deep Cayman Trench.</p><br>
<p>The islands are uninhabited, except for a small Honduran navy garrison. Great Swan has an airstrip, Islas del Cisne Airport.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At the turn of the century, Swan Island was set up as a USA Department of Agriculture animal quarantine station for the importation of beef. Also, the United Fruit Co. set up a wireless radio relay station for servicing their Caribbean fleet. During World War II, both the USA Navy and the USA Weather Bureau stationed personnel on the island. Later, the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) and the (now named) National Weather Service (NWS) set up meteorological and communications assets on Swan in support of aeronautical services and hurricane prediction activities. The FAA departed Swan Island in the 1960s, leaving the NWS all assets and responsibilities. Both the United States and Honduras claimed the Swan Islands until the United States dropped its claim under the Guano Islands Act in 1972. The ownership of the island has always been in dispute. The Sumner Smith family has always maintained their ownership and, apparently, did have some standing in the USA courts. Still, the USA elected to abandon its claim, in spite of this standing (ref. D S Platt, et al., NOAA-NWS). The islands gained attention in the early 1960s due to the activities of Radio Swan, that began broadcasting in May 1960 during preparation for, and during, the abortive Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba. The station was removed from the islands in the late 1960s and its main transmitter was transferred for use in the Vietnam War.</p><br>
<p>In 1965, a former Bellaire High School (Bellaire, Texas) student was questioned by police over his role in a teenage "army" dedicated to freeing "oppressed countries", the Houston Chronicle reported. The group, called the Kononiers, had been in existence for about five years, the student told the paper, and was armed through a series of burglaries of the Deep River Armory store. The weapons were taken to the Addicks Reservoir area, where they trained for combat. Their goal? The youths were training for "Operation Liberation Swan Island" off Honduras.</p><br>
<p>In October 1998, Hurricane Mitch moved through the area with winds of 180 mph.</p><br>
<p>Chicoma Mountain  is the highest point in the Jemez Mountains, a prominent mountain range in the USA State of New Mexico. The tree line in this area is exceptionally high, and the mountain is forested almost all the way to its summit which is conspicuous from the towns of Los Alamos, Santa Fe, and Española and other areas in the valley of the Rio Grande in northern New Mexico. Like the rest of the Jemez, it is of volcanic origin; it lies on the northeast rim of the Valles Caldera, one of the best examples of a caldera in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is sacred to many of the Puebloan peoples of New Mexico, who traditionally regarded it as the "center of all." Much of it lies within the territory of the Santa Clara Pueblo. Access by hikers, hunters, and others, is correspondingly limited, although the summit can be reached via public lands on the north side. The Puye Cliff Dwellings in Santa Clara Canyon are an archaeological site of some significance; however, the cliff dwellings are not near Chicoma. Puye Cliff Dwellings are accessible via NM 30 to NM 5, about 30 minutes south of Chicoma Mountain. The site is located on the pueblo&#39;s land on the east side of the mountain, and are sometimes open to the public for a fee.</p><br>
<p>The Sweet Auburn Historic District is a historic African-American neighborhood along and surrounding Auburn Avenue, east of downtown Atlanta, Georgia, United States. The name Sweet Auburn was coined by John Wesley Dobbs, referring to the "richest Negro street in the world," one of the largest concentrations of African-American businesses in the United States. A National Historic Landmark District was designated in 1976, covering 19 acre of the neighborhood, significant for its history and development as a segregated area under the state&#39;s Jim Crow laws.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Sweet Auburn is one of 242 officially-recognized neighborhoods of Atlanta. It is bounded by:</p><br>
<p>Freedom Parkway and the Old Fourth Ward (formerly the separate Bedford Pine neighborhood) on the north</p><br>
<p>Boulevard and the Old Fourth Ward on the east</p><br>
<p>the MARTA East-West line and the Oakland and Grant Park neighborhoods on the south, and</p><br>
<p>the Downtown Connector and downtown Atlanta on the west</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first settlement here was on land formerly occupied by Union troops and was called Shermantown for many years. It developed quickly being near the Georgia Railroad and in 1879 was at the endpoint of a newly graded road called simply Boulevard, which led from the railroad to North Avenue near Ponce de Leon Avenue and Angier Springs.</p><br>
<p>The rise of Auburn Avenue as "the" black business district in Atlanta was to a great extent an outcome of the 1906 Atlanta Race Riot. Prior to this time black businesses operated largely in downtown Atlanta — a business district integrated as far as business ownership was concerned. But competition between working-class whites and blacks for jobs and housing gave rise to fears and tensions. In 1906, print media fueled these tensions with hearsay about alleged sexual assaults on white women by black men, triggering the riot, which left at least 27 people dead (25 of them black) and over 70 injured.,</p><br>
<p>Black businesses started to move from previously integrated business district downtown to the relative safety of the area around the Atlanta University Center west of downtown, and to Auburn Avenue in the Fourth Ward east of downtown. "Sweet" Auburn Avenue became home to Alonzo Herndons Atlanta Mutual, the citys first black-owned life insurance company, and to a celebrated concentration of black businesses, newspapers, churches, and nightclubs. In 1956, Fortune magazine called Sweet Auburn "the richest Negro street in the world", a phrase originally coined by civil rights leader John Wesley Dobbs from the poem The Deserted Village by Oliver Goldsmith. Sweet Auburn and Atlanta&#39;s black colleges formed the nexus of a prosperous black middle class and upper class which arose despite enormous social and legal obstacles.</p><br>
<p>Sweet Auburn was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976. However, like so many other inner-city neighborhoods, Sweet Auburn fell victim to lack of investment, heavy, widespread crime, homelessness, and abandonment, compounded by construction of the Downtown Connector freeway that split it in two. In 1992 the National Trust for Historic Preservation recognized that it was one of America&#39;s 11 Most Endangered Historic Places and, in 2005, the Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation included the area in its 2006 list of Places in Peril. The Historic District Development Corporation (HDDC) was formed to turn the trend around, starting with houses surrounding the birth home of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and working outward. In 2014, the city of Atlanta completed the installation of the Atlanta Streetcar, a line that creates a loop connecting the Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site to downtown and the tourist attractions of Centennial Olympic Park. The streetcar travels east along Edgewood Avenue and west along Auburn Avenue.</p><br>
<h2>Historic structures and businesses</h2><br>
<p>Several churches located along the avenue, such as Big Bethel AME and First Congregational, helped build and maintain the heritage of the street. The Royal Peacock Club provided an elegant setting where many African Americans could perform and bring the changing styles of black popular music to Atlanta. Originally called the Top Hat Club when it opened in 1938, the club hosted local talent and national acts such as B.B. King, the Four Tops, the Tams and Atlantas own Gladys Knight. One of the many significant commercial buildings within the district is the Atlanta Life Insurance Company. The second-largest black insurance company in the United States, Atlanta Life Insurance was founded in 1905 by Alonzo Herndon, a former slave from Walton County, Georgia. The central building of the Atlanta Life Insurance Company complex is a Beaux Arts building facing Auburn Avenue. The district also includes the Rucker Building, Atlantas first black-owned office building, constructed in 1904 by businessman and politician Henry A. Rucker. For more information about the less well known Henry Allen Rucker, visit The Atlanta History Center Archives and access, one of the centers databases. (These collections contain data and images of nearly every notable African American in Atlanta and beyond dating from Reconstruction into the late 1970s.) Also located on Auburn Avenue was The Atlanta Daily World, the first black-owned daily newspaper, which was founded here in 1928. (The Atlanta Daily World is still the nations longest running African American newspaper.) In 1948, the Atlanta Police Department was integrated, hiring eight black police officers, all of whom were assigned to Auburn Avenue.</p><br>
<h3>List of historical churches and businesses</h3><br>
<p>APEX Museum – founded in 1985</p><br>
<p>Atlanta Daily World – founded in 1928</p><br>
<p>Atlanta Life Insurance – founded in 1905</p><br>
<p>Big Bethel AME Church – founded in 1847</p><br>
<p>Ebenezer Baptist Church – founded in 1886</p><br>
<p>Herndon Building (demolished following tornado damage, 2008)</p><br>
<p>Dr. Martin Luther King’s birth home – established January 15, 1929</p><br>
<p>Martin Luther King Jr. National Park Visitors Center – founded in 1980</p><br>
<p>Odd Fellows Building and Auditorium – 1912–13</p><br>
<p>Sweet Auburn Curb Market – opened in 1924</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>Sweet Auburn celebrates the annual, and in the Fall, the Sweet Auburn Heritage Festival. The Sweet Auburn Heritage Festival is an annual festival held the first weekend in October on Auburn Avenue. Civil rights leader Hosea Williams founded the first festival in 1984. founded the festival in 1994 as a way to celebrate the African American achievements as established on Auburn Avenue. The festival offers food, art, and entertainment throughout the day while celebrating Auburn Avenue’s past and growth, and is operated by the Sweet Auburn Committee.</p><br>
<p>The festival’s entertainment varies from comedians to up and coming artist from diverse genres of music. The Sweet Auburn Heritage Festival searches for entertainment from cities such as Atlanta, Macon, Savannah, Augusta, Huntsville and Chattanooga in hopes to help non- established artist’s path to stardom. Artist such as Usher Raymond, Outkast, India.Arie, and Raven-Symoné have started out performing on stage at the festival. Ultimately, the Sweet Auburn Heritage Festival entertainment has grown much farther than originally anticipated from its beginning stages in 1984.</p><br>
<p>This article incorporates text from the National Park Service website, a work of the USA government, and therefore in the public domain.</p><br>
<p>Arcadia Lake is a reservoir in Northeastern Oklahoma County, Oklahoma, United States. The lake is located northeast of Oklahoma City in eastern Edmond, just east of Interstate 35.</p><br>
<p>The lake has a surface area of and has about of shoreline.</p><br>
<p>The lake was created in 1984 by an earthen dam on the Deep Fork River begun in 1980. This lake was constructed as a cooperative effort between the City of Edmond and the USA Army Corps of Engineers. It was created to control floods in the Deep Fork River Basin, supply water to the city of Edmond, and provide recreational resources to the surrounding communities.</p><br>
<p>Recreational opportunities at Arcadia Lake include fishing, boating, camping, mountain biking, hiking, disc golf and equestrian trails. Waterskiing and Jet Skiing are both allowed in designated areas. Horse rentals are not available, so visitors must bring their own mounts. Facilities include picnic areas, a Frisbee golf course, pavilions, boat ramps, designated swim beaches and an enclosed and heated fishing dock that is handicapped accessible. Arcadia Lake also features RV campsites with full hookups and primitive tent campsites. Parks around the lake include Scissortail Park, Spring Creek Park, Central State Park and Edmond Park.</p><br>
<p>Jordan Hill Roman Temple is a Romano-Celtic Temple and Roman ruin situated on Jordan Hill above Bowleaze Cove in the eastern suburbs of Weymouth in Dorset, England. Original amateur excavations on the site in 1843, by J. Medhurst, were followed by a series of excavations in the 20th Century suggesting that the site was in operation between c.AD 69-79 to the later 4th century AD.</p><br>
<p>In the 20th century the site became the property of the Ministry of Works and is currently in the guardianship of English Heritage.</p><br>
<h2>Temple</h2><br>
<p>This is a Romano-British type temple, with a square-plan building situated within a courtyard or precinct. The floorplan of the temple measured 6.8 square metres. The surrounding precinct measured 84 square meters and contained numerous deposits of animal bones, ceramics, and coins. The site may also have served as a late 4th Century signal station.</p><br>
<p>Mithymna  is a town and former municipality on the island of Lesbos, North Aegean, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Lesbos, of which it is a municipal unit. Before 1919, its official name was Μόλυβος - Molyvos; that name dates back to the end of the Byzantine Era, but is still in common use today.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The second most important town of the island, it is located NE of Eressos, N of Plomari and NW of Mytilene.</p><br>
<p>The town (pop. 1,399 at 2011 census) is on the northern part of the island, just some 6 km north of the popular beach town of Petra. One of the most noticeable features of the town is the old Genoese fortress on the hill in the middle of the town.</p><br>
<p>The municipal unit of Míthymna stretches eastward from the town along the northern part of the island; it is the island&#39;s smallest municipal unit in land area at 50.166 km². Its population was 2,255 at the 2011 census. The next largest towns in the municipal unit are Árgennos (pop. 240) and Sykaminéa (207).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>As Methymna, the city was once the prosperous second city of Lesbos, with a founding myth that identified an eponymous Methymna (Greek: Μήθυμνα), the daughter of Macar and married to the personification of Lesbos.</p><br>
<h3>The Archaic Period</h3><br>
<p>Very little is known about Methymna in the Archaic period. The story of Arion and the dolphin, which involves the Corinthian tyrant Periander and is evidently set at the turn of the 7th century BCE, suggests that Methymna was already a prominent city with far-reaching contacts across the Greek world at this period. Herodotus tells us that at some point in the Archaic period, Methymna enslaved the city of Arisba on Lesbos: this will have greatly increased the territory of Methymna, as well as giving it access to the fertile land around the Gulf of Kalloni. We are also told by a local historian, Myrsilus of Methymna, who wrote in the first half of the 3rd century BCE, that Methymna founded the city of Assos which was on the coast of Asia Minor opposite Methymna. However, another local historian, Hellanicus of Lesbos, writing in the mid-5th century BCE, instead simply says Assos was an Aeolian foundation and does not specify a particular city as its founder. This has led some historians to doubt Myrsilus, and instead suggest that this is an example of "local Methymnaean manipulation of the past", although this could equally be true of Hellanicus.</p><br>
<h3>The Classical Period</h3><br>
<p>Methymna had a long-standing rivalry with Mytilene, and during the Peloponnesian War it sided with Athens during the Mytilenaean revolt in 428 BCE when all the other cities of Lesbos sided with Mytilene. When the Athenians put down the revolt the following year, only Methymna was spared from having its territory turned into a cleruchy. After 427, Methymna and Chios were the only members of the Delian League to remain self-governing and exempt from tribute, indicating the privileged position Methymna held within the Athenian Empire. Methymna was briefly captured by the Spartans in summer 412, before quickly being retaken by the Athenians: in describing this episode, the historian Thucydides indicates that the Methymnaeans were much more inclined to side with Athens than Sparta. This was likewise the case in 411, when a group of Methymnaeans who were in exile at Cyme in Aeolis attempted to return to Methymna by force, but were rebuffed by the population. When the Spartan commander Kallikratidas besieged Methymna in 406, the city stayed loyal to its Athenian garrison and held out until it was betrayed by several traitors.</p><br>
<p>Our knowledge of the history of Methymna in the 4th century is limited, but its prominence as a polis is firmly attested by the citys silver and bronze coinage. By at least the 340s BCE, the tyrant Kleommis had expelled the citys democrats and remained in power for the next decade. We do not know what happened to Kleommis after this, although it is likely that he was expelled when the island fell to Philip IIs generals Parmenion and Attalus in 336. The political history of the following four years are poorly attested: we know that Lesbos changed hands several times between the Macedonian forces of Alexander the Great and the Persian forces of Memnon of Rhodes, that Memnon captured Methymna in 333 BCE, and that when Alexanders admiral Hegelochus recaptured Methymna in 332 BCE its tyrant was Aristonicus not Kleommis. However, it is not clear whether Aristonicus was made tyrant when the Persians recaptured Methymna in 335, or whether Kleommis was re-installed and Aristonicus only made tyrant in 333. Whatever the case, in 332 Alexander gave Aristonicus over to the newly restored Methymnaean democracy to try, and he was found guilty and put to death by torture.</p><br>
<h3>The Hellenistic Period</h3><br>
<p>In c. 295 BCE, Methymna struck silver drachms for King Lysimachus, indicating that the city was part of his kingdom at this time. However, by the 250s BCE at the latest, Methymna had come under the sway of the Ptolemaic Kingdom. During this period, a festival in honour of the Ptolemies, the Ptolemaia, was instituted, and public documents produced by the city were dated by the regnal years of the Ptolemies. Worship of Sarapis, an Egyptian cult patronized by the Ptolemies, was probably introduced to Methymna at this period, and remained an important part of the city&#39;s life for several centuries.</p><br>
<p>In the 2nd century BCE Methymna increasingly pursued a policy of seeking closer ties with the emerging power of Rome. Methymna remained loyal to Rome during the Macedonian War, and in 167 BCE it was rewarded when the Romans punished neighbouring Antissa for disloyalty and transferred its territory to Methymna. The territory of Methymna was ravaged by King Prusias II of Bithynia along with several other cities in this region in ca. 156 BCE, but the Romans later compelled Prusias to pay reparations of 100 talents for the damage done. In 129 BCE, an inscription from Methymna shows that the city formed a formal alliance with Rome. A dedication to the Galatian princess Adobogiona (fl. c. 80 - 50 BCE), who was the mistress of Mithridates VI of Pontus, a long-standing enemy of Rome, may indicate a cooling of relations between Methymna or Rome or simply political expediency.</p><br>
<h3>The Roman Period</h3><br>
<p>Methymna gained a particular reputation among Romans for viticulture during the Imperial period. Virgil speaks of the vines of Methymna as the best and most numerous on Lesbos, while Ovid invokes them as an example of something which is proverbially numerous and bountiful. The distinctive strong taste of Methymnaean wine is mentioned by Silius Italicus, and Propertius uses this as a point of reference when describing another Greek wine. When Virgil and Silius wished to indicate the exceptional quality of Phalernian wine, Methymnaean wine is among the vintages which they say it surpasses. We also learn from Horace that Methymnaean grapes were equally prized for the excellent vinegar which could be produced from them and which he describes accompanying a sumptuous eel dish. The medical writer Galen, who was a native of nearby Pergamon, considered all the wines of Lesbos to be excellent, but ranked that of Methymna the first in quality, that of Eresos second, and that of Mytilene third. In the novel Daphnis and Chloe, thought to be by the Mytilenaean aristocrat Longus and set in the region of Lesbos between Methymna and Mytilene, the vine harvest is the most important time of the agricultural year, and the Mytilenaean owner of the land in this region times his annual visit to coincide with the end of this harvest when the year&#39;s profit can be established.</p><br>
<h3>The Byzantine Period</h3><br>
<p>The first attested bishop of Methymna was Christodoros in 520 CE. In 640, Methymna was mentioned in the Ecthesis, pseudographically attributed to Epiphanius of Salamis, as an autocephalous archdiocese, and around 1084, it was made a metropolitan see under Alexius I Comnenus. The Fourth Crusade brought Latin control, on the strength of which the Roman Catholic Church maintains a purely titular see of Methymna; there were 40 Roman Catholics in 1908.</p><br>
<p>In 840 the city was plundered by Cretan Arabs and many of the inhabitants sold into slavery. The fortifications of Methymna were strengthened following this attack, and again at the end of the 11th century, as we learn from a building inscription dating to 1084/5. A few years later in 1089/90 these fortifications helped the inhabitants of Methymna successfully repel an attack by Emir Tzachas of Smyrna. These fortifications again kept Methymna safe when the Genoese Lord of Phokaia, Domenico Cattaneo, seized the rest of Lesbos in 1335, but was unable to take Methymna or the equally well-fortified town of Eresos. Along with the rest of Lesbos, Methymna became a possession of the Gattelusi family in 1355. Methymna repelled a Turkish invasion force in 1450, but its defences were over-powered in a second invasion in 1458 when the admiral Ismaelos seize the city with a force of 150 ships. Using Methymna as a base, the whole island was gradually brought under Turkish control by September 1462.</p><br>
<h3>The Ottoman Period</h3><br>
<p>As Molyvos (Molova) under the Ottoman Empire, the city was a kaza of the sanjak of Metelin in the vilayet of Rhodes. After the defeat of the Ottomans in the First Balkan War (1912), Greece liberated Lesbos (Treaty of London, 1914).</p><br>
<h2>Province</h2><br>
<p>The province of Mithymna (Επαρχία Μήθυμνας) was one of the provinces of the Lesbos Prefecture. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipal units Mithymna, Agia Paraskevi, Eresos-Antissa, Kalloni and Petra. It was abolished in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Matriketas, astronomer.</p><br>
<p>Echecratides, Peripatetic philosopher and friend of Aristotle.</p><br>
<p>Myrsilus, local historian and paradoxographer.</p><br>
<p>Hermeias, author of a history of the Sicilian tyrant Dionysus I.</p><br>
<p>Kratinos, cithara player at the court of Alexander the Great.</p><br>
<p>Theolytus, poet and historian.</p><br>
<p>Theoctiste of Lesbos, saint of the Eastern Orthodox Church.</p><br>
<p>Argyris Eftaliotis, poet and translator.</p><br>
<p>Petra  is a former municipality on the island of Lesbos, North Aegean, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Lesbos, of which it is a municipal unit. It is located at the northwest of Lesbos and comprises the villages Petra, Skoutaros, Stypsi, Lafionas, Ypsilometopo and the settlements Petri and Anaxos.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The region combines exceptional natural beauties: olive groves and forests with pines, oak-trees, cypress-trees as well as fruit-bearing trees, traditional stone built mountain villages with running waters and rich vegetation, but also seaside modern summer holiday settlements with sandy beaches and crystal waters. Petra Lesvos is beginning to sprawl behind its broad, sandy beach and seafront square with a core of old stone houses, many with Levantine-style balconies overhanging the streets. Petra takes its name from the giant monolith located some distance inland and capped by the eighteenth-century church of Panagia Glykofiloussa, reached via 114 rock-hewn steps on the northeast side. The town of Mithymna is approx. 6 km to the north. The municipality has a land area of 72.479 km² and a population of 3,358 at the 2011 census. Its largest towns are Pétra, the municipal seat (pop. 1,208), Stýpsi (855), and Skoutáros (1,037).</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Lake Lanao  is a large lake in the Philippines, located in Lanao del Sur province in the country&#39;s southern island of Mindanao. With a surface area of 340 km&sup2, it is the largest lake in Mindanao, and the second largest lake in the Philippines and counted as one of the 15 ancient lakes in the world.</p><br>
<h2>Physical characteristics</h2><br>
<p>The lake was formed by the tectonic-volcanic damming of a basin between two mountain ranges and the collapse of a large volcano. It has a maximum depth of 122 m, and a mean depth of 60.3 m. The basin is shallowest towards the north and gets progressively deeper towards the south.</p><br>
<p>The lake is fed by four rivers. Its only outlet is the Agus River, which flows northwest into Iligan Bay via two channels, one over the Maria Cristina Falls and the other over the Tinago Falls. A hydroelectric plant installed on the Lanao Lake and Agus River system generates 70% of the electricity used by the people of Mindanao.</p><br>
<p>The lake is a home of myths and legends of the Meranaw tribe. The name Meranaw was derived from the name of the lake and it means "the people living around the lake".</p><br>
<h2>Biodiversity</h2><br>
<p>Lake Lanao was proclaimed as a watershed reservation in 1992 through Presidential Proclamation 971 to ensure protection of forest cover and water yield for hydropower, irrigation and domestic use.</p><br>
<p>The lake is (or was) home to 18 endemic species of cyprinid fish in the genus Barbodes (most were formerly in Puntius). It also supports a large number of waterfowl. and only two (Barbodes lindog and B. tumba) were located in 2008. It is believed that overfishing, pollution and competition from introduced species caused the extinction of the remaining. In October 2006, a study from the Mindanao State University discovered massive algae contamination in Lake Lanao. Initially, poor sewage and agricultural waste management were seen as the culprit to the contamination. However, the Department of Agriculture and the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources stated that soil erosion from indiscriminate logging and extensive land use and farming are the problems that caused the algae contamination. The freshwater crab Sundathelphusa wolterecki (Parathelphusidae) is endemic to the lake region.</p><br>
<p>The 18 endemic cyprinid species of Lake Lanao:</p><br>
<p>Barbodes amarus (pait; dipura)</p><br>
<p>Barbodes baoulan ** (baolan)</p><br>
<p>Barbodes binotatus (Pait sah Gandamatu)</p><br>
<p>Barbodes clemensi (bagangan)</p><br>
<p>Barbodes disa ** (Diza)</p><br>
<p>Barbodes flavifuscus (tumba)</p><br>
<p>Barbodes katolo (katolo)</p><br>
<p>Barbodes lanaoensis (kundur)</p><br>
<p>Barbodes lindog ** (lindog)</p><br>
<p>Barbodes manalak ** (manalak)</p><br>
<p>Barbodes pachychilus (Bongkaong)</p><br>
<p>Barbodes palaemophagus (bitungu)</p><br>
<p>Barbodes palata ** (palata)</p><br>
<p>Barbodes resinus * (bagangan sa erungan)</p><br>
<p>Barbodes sirang sirang; (Tumaginting)</p><br>
<p>Barbodes tras (tras)</p><br>
<p>Barbodes truncatulus (bitungu)</p><br>
<p>Barbodes tumba (tumba)</p><br>
<p>Notes:</p><br>
<p>— Biggest native species in Lake Lanao</p><br>
<p>— Species of high commercial value</p><br>
<h2>In culture</h2><br>
<p>A Maranao myth describes the formation of the lake. It is said that a group of angels under the command of Gabriel removed the vast population of Mantapoli to prevent the world from tipping over. The hole that was left was filled with water and threatened to drown the rest of the world. In response, the angels enlisted the help of the Four Winds to gouge out an outlet. The hole became Lake Lanao and the outlet became the Agus river. A Meranaw is a spoken or language of Maranao people.</p><br>
<p>Sarimanok is a Meranau symbol of Meranaw people.</p><br>
<p>The Gulf of Urabá is a gulf on the northern coast of Colombia. It is part of the Caribbean Sea. It is a long, wide inlet located on the coast of Colombia, close to the connection of the continent to the Isthmus of Panama. The town of Turbo, Colombia, lies at the mid eastern side naturally sheltered by the Turbo Bay part of the Gulf. The Atrato River flows into the Gulf of Urabá.</p><br>
<p>A study by Bio-Pacifico has suggested, as an alternative to building a 54‑mile (87 km) link across the Darién Gap to complete the Pan-American Highway, that the Panama section of the highway be extended to the Caribbean coast and end at the Gulf of Urabá, then be connected by ferry to existing highways in Colombia.</p><br>
<h2>Urabá Antioquia subregion</h2><br>
<p>The area surrounding the gulf comprises a geopolitical subregion of Colombia known as Urabá Antioquia.</p><br>
<p>The Victorian Village District is an area of Memphis, Tennessee.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Victorian Village is located in the eastern quadrant of downtown Memphis.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During Memphis early period of growth in the mid-19th century, a few wealthy Memphians built grand, Victorian-style homes in what was then the outskirts of the city. The homes in Victorian Village were built from 1846 into the 1890s, and range in style from Neo-classical through Late Gothic Revival. Edward C. Jones, one of Memphiss most significant Victorian-era architects, and his partner, Matthias Harvey Baldwin, built the Woodruff-Fontaine House (1870) and renovated the Harsson-Goyer-Lee House (1871).</p><br>
<p>The Massey House, the oldest in the area (ca. 1846), was built for Benjamin A. Massey, an early Memphis lawyer.</p><br>
<p>The Mallory-Neely House (1852) was built in Italian villa style with a central tower for banker Isaac Kirtland and extensively renovated and expanded during the 1880s and 1890s. The interior is well preserved, with much of the original late-19th-century furnishings intact.</p><br>
<p>The Harsson-Goyer-Lee House (690 Adams, see photograph) was once the home of riverboat owner James Lee. It was expanded in 1871 by Charles Goyer, a founder of Union Planters Bank.</p><br>
<p>The Pillow-McIntyre House (ca. 1852) is a two-story Greek Revival home purchased in 1873 by Mexican War and Confederate General Gideon Pillow. This striking eclectic-style Victorian had been unused for years, but with the assistance of corporate and community donations it was refurbished in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The Woodruff-Fontaine House (1870) was built in French-Victorian style by Amos Woodruff, a successful carriage maker, entrepreneur and politician. The second resident, Noland Fontaine, was a factor in the Memphis Cotton Exchange. The house was deeded to the city in 1936, and in later years was used for an art school. In 1961 the art school moved, and the Association for the Preservation of Tennessee Antiquities took over the house and restored it with 19th-century regional antiques and textiles. A Victorian Gingerbread playhouse is also on the grounds.</p><br>
<p>The Snowden home in the Annesdale-Snowden Historic District dates from the same era. In 1850, Dr. Samuel Mansfield built this "Italianate villa" on his 200 acre plantation just outside Memphis. The house was situated on a knoll above what was then the stage route to Mississippi. In 1869 Colonel Robert C. Brinkley bought the estate as a wedding gift to his daughter, Annie Overton Brinkley, and her new husband, Colonel Bogardus Snowden. The estate was named Annesdale in her honor. In the first decade of the 20th century, Col. Snowden and his sons John and Robert built two subdivisions on the estate, Annesdale Park (1903), claimed to be the first in the South, and Snowden Homestead (1910). The streets in these then-affluent subdivisions were named for the Snowden children. Memphis entrepreneur Kemmons Wilson and other well-known Memphis names resided there. After World War II, the neighborhood gradually declined until it began to be gentrified in the 1970s and after it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The Snowden home is not open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Present</h2><br>
<p>Some of these three- and four-story mansions now stand near the citys downtown along Adams Avenue. While most of the original homes are now gone, several remain as museums: the Magevney House (198 Adams), the Mallory-Neely House (652 Adams) and the Woodruff-Fontaine House (680 Adams). The Magevney House is currently open the first Saturday each month from 1pm-4pm with free admission. The Mallory-Neely House is open Friday and Saturday, 10:00-4:00. After 60+ years of being vacant, the Harsson-Goyer-Lee House has been renovated into a high-end Bed and Breakfast. The Woodruff-Fontaine Houses hours are Wednesday-Sunday, 12:00-4:00 and is a popular venue for weddings and private parties.</p><br>
<p>The Victorian Village neighborhood is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h3>Endangered homes</h3><br>
<p>The Lowenstein-Long House (1901) at 217 N. Waldran Blvd. and the Lee-Macintyre House in Victorian Village are considered to be endangered by Memphis Heritage, a non-profit preservationist group based in the city.</p><br>
<p>Tomb WV22, in the Western arm of the Valley of the Kings, was used as the resting place of one of the rulers of Egypts New Kingdom, Amenhotep III. The tomb is unique in that it has two subsidiary burial chambers for the pharaohs wives Tiye and Sitamen .</p><br>
<p>The tombs layout and decoration follow the tombs of the kings predecessors Amenhotep II and Thutmoses IV however the decoration is much finer in quality.</p><br>
<p>It was officially discovered by Prosper Jollois and Édouard de Villiers du Terrage, engineers with Napoleons expedition to Egypt in August 1799, but had probably been open for some time before that. Subsequently someone removed images of the pharaohs head in several places, which can be seen today in the Louvre.</p><br>
<p>The tomb was officially cleared by Howard Carter in the early twentieth century. Since 1989, a Japanese team from Waseda University led by Sakuji Yoshimura and Jiro Kondo has been working for excavation as well as conservation. The sarcophagus is missing from the tomb.</p><br>
<p>Inveraray Jail, in Inveraray, Argyll and Bute, Scotland, is a 19th-century prison and courthouse. In use as a prison from 1820 to 1889, the building is now a living museum. It is a category A listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Designed by James Gillespie Graham (1776–1855) in 1813 after original plans by Robert Reid in 1807. The original plans had called for a courthouse and three prisons, one for males, one for females and one for debtors. The ground obtained was sufficient for such an ambitious plan, but the finance was not and the Prison Commissioners had to be content with only one prison.</p><br>
<p>Both the courthouse and prisons opened in 1820. The courtroom, on the first floor, has a semicircle of large windows giving a magnificent view overlooking the prison yard and, beyond, across Loch Fyne.</p><br>
<p>The two-storied prison has three-foot-thick walls of massive rough hewn red stone and originally contained cells on both floors, eight in total. A third of the ground floor was occupied by a day-room which was lit, like the cells, by narrow, unglazed windows.</p><br>
<p>The Prisons (Scotland) Act 1839 brought about many changes, including the separation of prisoners. A second prison was finally built on the spare ground, opening in the closing days of 1848. Designed by Thomas Brown of Edinburgh, the new prison consisted of twelve cells on three floors with an exercising gallery at the top. A pair of outdoor exercise yards were also built, separated from each other by a wall. Prisoners were not allowed to fraternize. The separate system was designed to give them time to reflect upon their sins.</p><br>
<p>The Prisons (Scotland) Act 1877 heralded another major change in the administration of prisons. Local authorities would no longer have the responsibility of running and financing prisons; the Government was taking control. Large prisons were built in the center of population. Barlinnie in Glasgow opened in 1882 and small local prisons in the West of Scotland began to close. Inveraray would be the last. On 20 July 1889 readers of the Argyllshire Herald were informed that "the prison of Inveraray will be closed on 31st August".</p><br>
<p>Despite changes to the prison system, the court was still sitting, continuing until 1954, with a little activity since then.</p><br>
<p>On several occasions the premises have come near to being abandoned, especially when it was necessary to spend money on repairs.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s extensive restoration was undertaken by the Scottish Office, but then all plans fell through and the building lay empty.</p><br>
<p>In May 1989, Inveraray Jail was reopened as a privately owned tourist attraction, re-enacting the trials and the life of the inmates of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The Cardamom Hills are hills of southern India and part of the southern Western Ghats located in southeast Kerala and southwest Tamil Nadu in South India. Their name comes from the cardamom spice grown in much of the hills&#39; cool elevation, which also supports pepper and coffee. The Western Ghats, Periyar Sub-Cluster including the Cardamom Hills, is under consideration by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee for selection as a World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Cardamom Hills central point is about 9&deg;52&prime;N latitude, 77&deg;09&prime;E longitude. They cover about 2,800 km of mountainous terrain with deep valleys, and includes the drainages of the west flowing Periyar, Mullayar and Pamba rivers. It includes Idukki Dam and Mullaperiyar Dam. They conjoin the Anaimalai Hills to the northwest, the Palni Hills to the northeast and the Agasthyamalai Hills to the south as far as the Aryankavu pass (at c. 9° N). The crest of the hills form the boundary between Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Anamudi (8,842 ft(2695m)) in Eravikulam National Park, is the highest peak in western ghats and also the highest point in India south of the Himalayas.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The hills experience average daily temperatures of 15 °C in winter to 31 °C in summer (April–May). The annual rainfall of 2,000 mm to 3,000 mm in Periyar decreases to less than 1,500 mm in the east in Srivilliputtur Wildlife Sanctuary. On the western side, two-thirds of the precipitation is received during the southwest monsoon from June to September. The areas also receive rainfall from the northeast monsoon (October–December) and from pre-monsoon showers (April–May).</p><br>
<h2>Biome protection</h2><br>
<p>These hills are made up largely of several contiguous protected areas intended to restrict human access, protect specific endangered species and preserve some of the still undeveloped forest biomes. The central part of the hills comprise the Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary covering an area of 777 km. The 350 km core zone of the sanctuary is the Periyar National Park and Tiger Reserve. Periyar is a major ecotourism destination.</p><br>
<p>To the south of the Periyar Tiger Reserve are the reserve forests of the Ranni, Konni and Achankovil Forest Divisions. The Srivilliputtur Wildlife Sanctuary and reserved forests of the Tirunelveli Forest Division are contiguous with Periyar on the eastern side of the hills in Tamil Nadu in the rain-shadow area with mostly drier forests. The Meghamalai reserve forest, also contiguous with Periyar, is proposed to be the 600 km Meghamalai Wildlife Sanctuary to protect several threatened species including: Bengal tiger, Indian elephant, Nilgiri tahr, lion-tailed macaque, slender loris, grizzled giant squirrel, Salim Alis fruit bat, great Indian hornbill, Huttons pitviper and Vindhyan bob butterfly.</p><br>
<h3>Cardamom Hill Reserve</h3><br>
<p>The Cardamom Hill was an administrative area under two revenue officers (Tahasildar) created by the royal proclamation of Kingdom of Travancore in April 1822 to promote cardamom cultivation and to give facilities and protection to cardamom farmers. The Cardamom Hill Reserve (CHR) is within the Cardamom Hills Idukki District. It comprises about 15,721 acre as per 1897 royal proclamation of the Kingdom of Travancore. But the extent of land in accordance with the boundaries of the notification is about 334 Sq miles (2,13,720 acres). It is bordered by the Tamil Nadu border to the east, Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary on the south, the Periyar River on the west, and Bodimettu, Chokkanad and Muthirapuzha to the north. The rain forests of CHR are a natural wildlife corridor to Periyar National Park from the Anaimalai Hills and Palani hills of Tamil Nadu and is the catchment area of six major hydro-electric projects in Idukki District. Now it is situated in the Idukki District of Kerala.</p><br>
<p>According to the Chief Secretary of the Government of Kerala, Cardamom Hill land is Government land under the control of the Revenue Department for more than a century. The total extent of the Cardamom Hill area was 1071.9746 km (264,885 acres) of which 568.6 km (140,500 acres) was assigned under various Land Assignment Rules. The balance of</p><br>
<p>503.38 km (124,386 acres) is leased to farmers for cardamom cultivation The CHR accounts for about 70 percent of the cardamom production of India. CHR contains The Cardamom Research Station, situated in the Pampadumpara village of Udumbanchola taluk. It is located on the eastern side of Kumily-Munnar road. See:.</p><br>
<p>CHR is the centre of a controversy between the Forest Department and the Revenue Department over control of the cardamom plantations in the reserve. Non-cardamom cultivation, illegal land conversion and large scale destruction of trees in the CHR have been blamed for flash-floods and landslips in Idukki and siltation problems in the Idukki dam.</p><br>
<p>According to the report dated 7 September 2005 of the Central Empowered Committee, appointed by the Supreme Court of India, the status of the Cardamom Hill Reserve is forest, and the extent is about 334 sq miles. The CEC concludes that in the Cardamom Hill Reserve, which still holds dense forest, illegal assignment of lands or grant of patta, illegal sales of land, large scale encroachments, transfer and sale of land and consequent deforestation, by the rich, the powerful and the influential, continue unabated in gross violation of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and this Honourable Court’s order dated 12 December 1996. This is causing irretrievable and immense loss to the dense evergreen forest holding rich bio-diversity on steep slopes and destroying the water sheds, water catchments and streams and rivers which flow through these forests.</p><br>
<p>The Gomti, Gumti or Gomati River is a tributary of the Ganges.</p><br>
<p>According to Hindu mythology, the river is the daughter of the Hindu sage Vashist; bathing in the Gomti on Ekadashi (the eleventh day of the two lunar phases of the Hindu calendar month) can wash away sins. According to Bhagavata Purana one of Hinduisms major religious works, the Gomti is one of Indias transcendental rivers. The rare Gomti Chakra is found there.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Gomti, a monsoon- and groundwater-fed river, originates from Gomat Taal (formally known as Fulhaar jheel) near Madho Tanda, Pilibhit, India. It extends 960 km through Uttar Pradesh and meets the Ganges near Saidpur, Kaithi, 27 km from Varanasi district.</p><br>
<p>It meets a small river, the Gaihaaee,20 km from its origin. The Gomti is a narrow stream until it reaches Mohammadi Kheri, a tehsil of Lakhimpur Kheri district (about 100 km from its origin), where it is joined by tributaries such as the Sukheta, Choha and Andhra Choha. The river is then well-defined, with the Kathina tributary joining it at Mailani and Sarayan joining it at a village in Sitapur district. A major tributary is the Sai River, which joins the Gomti near Jaunpur. The Markandey Mahadeo temple is at the confluence of the Gomti and the Ganges.</p><br>
<p>After 240 km the Gomti enters Lucknow, meandering through the city for about 12 km and supplying its water. In the Lucknow area, 25 city drains pour untreated sewage into the river. At the downstream end, the Gomti barrage converts the river into a lake.</p><br>
<p>In addition to Lucknow, Lakhimpur Kheri, Sultanpur Kerakat and Jaunpur are the most prominent of the 15 towns in the river&#39;s catchment basin. The river cuts the Sultanpur district and Jaunpur in half, becoming wider in the city.</p><br>
<h2>Pollution</h2><br>
<p>The Gomti River is polluted at several points of its course through the 940 km stretch of alluvial plains in Uttar Pradesh. The major sources of pollution are industrial waste and effluent from sugar factories and distilleries and residential wastewater and sewage.</p><br>
<p>The river and its tributaries, such as Kukrail Drainage, collect large amounts of human and industrial pollutants as they flow through an area of about 18 million people. High pollution levels threaten the Gomti&#39;s aquatic life. On 25 July 2008, the foundation stone of a 345 e6litre-capacity sewage treatment plant was laid.</p><br>
<p>The plant, promoted as Asia&#39;s largest, failed; in 2014 it was reportedly running at 10 percent of capacity, and beyond the plant (near Bharwara) untreated sewage and solid waste entered the river. The plant was intended to intercept the 23 major natural drains entering the Gomti.</p><br>
<h2>Riverfront development controversy</h2><br>
<p>The Gomti has been stressed, particularly in and around Lucknow, for decades. There are three major issues:</p><br>
<p>Embankments - High embankments were built around the river to protect the population of Lucknow after a major flood during 1970s, altering the Gomti&#39;s natural floodplain.</p><br>
<p>Pollution - The Gomti has 40 natural drains, of which 23 are major. The drains, which carried surplus water into the river during the monsoon and recharged the underground water table, were reduced to carry residential and industrial sewage into the river.</p><br>
<p>Development - The rivers floodplains and fertile land were covered with residential areas, such as Gomti Nagar and Triveni Nagar. The Gomti began receding during the late 1970s, and was under major stress in 2016.</p><br>
<p>Although government agencies planned major projects, such as the Bharwara sewage treatment plant and mechanical dredging, most were unsuccessful. The Gomti rises by 10–12 meters during the monsoon, and in 2008 a major flood was reported.</p><br>
<p>Around 2012, the newly-elected government and the Lucknow Development Authority began a feasibility study with the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee to build a river-front similar to Sabarmati Riverfront in Ahmedabad. The LDA submitted the report, warning about the negative consequences of reducing the Gomti to less than 250 meters wide. At 250 meters wide (with walls on both sides), the river&#39;s velocity would increase by 20 percent and its bed-shear stress by 30 percent. Current embankments would have to be raised by 1.5 meters, and the high flood level (HFL) would increase by 1.25 meters. Two bridges would be threatened with collapse under flood conditions.</p><br>
<p>The plan was given to the irrigation department, which signed a memorandum of understanding with IIT Roorkee in December 2015 to conduct a similar study on the project.</p><br>
<p>The riverfront-development project is seen as a political showdown between the state government and the ruling party, whose similar construction in Ahmedabad over the Sabarmati River has been projected as a showcase of development in the state of Gujarat. Many noted environmentalists and river-system experts vehemently opposed that project as well.</p><br>
<p>Both projects are seen as a template for similar interference with river systems across India, including the Yamuna, the Hindon and the Varuna.</p><br>
<h2>Flooding</h2><br>
<p>Monsoon flooding leads to several problems when the water recedes, including the danger posed by drying potholes and pits (which host diseases such as malaria and dengue.</p><br>
<p>The Ortler Alps  are a mountain range of the Southern Limestone Alps mountain group in the Central Eastern Alps, in Italy and Switzerland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Ortler Alps are separated from:</p><br>
<p>the Livigno Range in the north-west by the Stelvio Pass and the Adda River valley (Valtellina)</p><br>
<p>the Adamello-Presanella range in the south by the Tonale Pass</p><br>
<p>the Ötztal Alps in the north-east by the upper Adige valley (Vinschgau).</p><br>
<p>The part west of the Gavia Pass is also called Sobretta-Gavia Group.</p><br>
<p>The Ortler Alps are drained by the rivers Adda, Oglio, Adige and its tributary Noce.</p><br>
<h2>Peaks</h2><br>
<p>The main peaks of the Ortler Alps are:</p><br>
<h2>Mountain passes</h2><br>
<p>The main mountain passes of the Ortler Alps are:</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Ortler Alps were part of the Italian front during World War I. In this area, the Austro-Hungarians and the Italians dug in during a trench war fought at altitudes above 3,000 m (10,000 ft) for most of the war. Some trenches are still visible today, and war relics continue to be found in the area.</p><br>
<p>Marys Peak  is a mountain in Benton County, Oregon, United States, just southwest of Philomath. It is the highest peak in the Oregon Coast Range. It is also the highest point in Benton County,</p><br>
<p>and ranks eleventh in the state for prominence.</p><br>
<p>On a clear day at the top of the peak, facing east, northeast, and southeast, one can see the cities and suburbs of the Willamette Valley, as well as the Cascade Range. To the west, the Pacific Ocean is visible on clear days.</p><br>
<p>The road to the peak now remains open in the winter. During the 2010–2011 winter, the Forest Service announced that it will leave the gates open to facilitate travel to the summit. The road will not be maintained, so a lifted 4x4 or four wheel chains are required for motor access during the winter months.</p><br>
<p>Lake Taymyr  is a lake of the central regions of the Taymyr Peninsula in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russian Federation. It is located south of the Byrranga Mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Lake Taymyr is large, with a length of 165 km roughly east-to-west. It has an irregular shape with many arms projecting in different directions that cover a wide region. Its maximum width, however, is only about 23 km in its broadest area which is towards the eastern end of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Lake Taymyr is covered with ice from late September until June. The main river flowing into its basin, from the west, is the Upper Taymyra. Other rivers flowing into it are the Zapadnaya, Severnaya, Bikada Nguoma, Yamutarida and Kalamissamo. The Lower Taymyra River flows out of the lake northwards across the Byrranga mountain region.</p><br>
<p>The tundra areas south of Lake Taymyr are full of smaller lakes and marshes. There are two quite large lakes east and southeast of the easternmost part of Lake Taymyr, which is Yamuneru Bay: 33 km east is Lake Kungusalakh, and 72 km southeast is Lake Portnyagino. Both lakes are about 20 km across.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Lake Taymyr is teeming with many kinds of fish typical of cold Arctic waters, like loach, sig, and muksun. But there is overexploitation of some fish species despite the remoteness of the area.</p><br>
<p>Slight plutonium contamination has been detected in the sediments of Lake Taymyr. This is perhaps a consequence of wind-carried particles after the numerous atmospheric nuclear tests in Novaya Zemlya during the Cold War.</p><br>
<h2>Water temperatures</h2><br>
<p>Average water temperature in August: +7 °C</p><br>
<p>During winter, water temperature is slightly above 1 °C</p><br>
<p>Washington&#39;s Headquarters State Historic Site, also called called Hasbrouck House, is located in Newburgh, New York overlooking the Hudson River. George Washington lived there while he was in command of the Continental Army during the final year of the American Revolutionary War; it had the longest tenure as his headquarters of any place he had used.</p><br>
<p>In 1961 the house was designated a state historic site. It is also the oldest house in the city of Newburgh, and the first property acquired and preserved by any USA state for historic reasons.</p><br>
<h2>History of the house</h2><br>
<p>The first fieldstone farmhouse on the site may have been built in 1725 by Burger Mynderse. The property was sold to Elsie Hasbrouck, and she in turn gave it to her son, Jonathan, who married Catherine (Tryntje) Dubois and they built the existing structure on the original foundation, if any, in 1750. The house was surrounded by a large stock farm. The home underwent two significant enlargements before it was completed in 1770. The home has an original "Dutch Jambless" fireplace. A temporary kitchen was built by the Continental Army upon their arrival in 1782. Other changes were made inside the house including the addition of an "English" style fireplace in General Washingtons bedroom. Existing buildings such as stables and barns were also enlarged and improved on the site. Most Army buildings were removed by the Quartermaster-Generals Office at the end of the war, with the exception of a "House in the garden", which was given to Mrs. Hasbrouck. It no longer exists.</p><br>
<p>In 1850, it was acquired by the State of New York and became the first publicly operated historic site in the country. Today, it is a museum furnished to recreate its condition during the Revolutionary War. It covers an area of about seven acres (2.8 ha), with three buildings: Hasbrouck House, a museum (built in 1910), a monument named the "Tower of Victory", which was completed in 1890 after four years of construction in order to commemorate the centennial of Washington&#39;s stay, and a maintenance shed/garage built in the Colonial Revival style in 1942.</p><br>
<p>Also on the property is the grave of Uzal Knapp, one of the longest-lived veterans of the Continental Army. For many years it was believed that he had served as one of Washington&#39;s personal guards, but more recently historians have come to doubt this.</p><br>
<p>There is a statue entitled "The Minuteman", by Henry Hudson Kitson, that was erected on the grounds on November 11, 1924.</p><br>
<p>The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961.</p><br>
<h2>Washington's headquarters</h2><br>
<p>Hasbrouck House served as Washington&#39;s headquarters during the Revolutionary War from April 1782 until August 1783. It was chosen for its comparatively safe location north of the strategically important West Point.</p><br>
<p>Washington established his headquarters here on Sunday, March 31, 1782.</p><br>
<p>The 7,000 troops of the Continental Army were encamped near what is today known as Vails Gate, a few miles to the southwest.</p><br>
<p>In the headquarters at Hasbrouck House, Washington rejected the Newburgh letter, a suggestion to institute an American monarchy, and defused the Newburgh conspiracy and threat of a mutiny among his officers over pay and pensions.</p><br>
<p>On August 7, 1782, while the Continental troops were encamped around the vicinity of the House, Washington issued his first proclamation, a general order which established a Badge of Military Merit, to enlisted men and non-commissioned officers for long and faithful service and for acts of heroism, which was the forerunner of the Purple Heart. His headquarters was the first place the badge of merit was awarded to American troops.</p><br>
<p>Washington left the Newburgh headquarters on the morning of August 31 and moved the army to Verplanck&#39;s point where they arrived that evening.</p><br>
<p>On April 19, 1783, after returning to Newburgh, Washington issued an order for the "cessation of hostilities", and gave his Proclamation of Peace, which formally ended the fighting of the Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<h2>Honors and commemoration</h2><br>
<p>On July 4, 1850 Major General Winfield Scott raised a flag at the opening ceremony and dedication for Washington&#39;s headquarters.</p><br>
<p>The USA Post Office issued a commemorative stamp featuring an accurate depiction of Washington&#39;s Headquarters at Hasbrouck House, overlooking the Hudson River, at Newburgh, New York, on April 19, 1933, the 150th anniversary of the proclamation of peace, issued by Washington in his headquarters, which officially ended the Revolutionary War in 1783.</p><br>
<p>Sam Rayburn Reservoir is a reservoir in the United States in Deep East Texas, 70 mi north of Beaumont. The reservoir is fed by the Angelina River, the major tributary of the Neches River. The reservoir&#39;s capacity is 3,997,600 acre.ft, and is the largest lake wholly within the state of Texas. The reservoir is operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth district.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction began September 7, 1956 and the reservoir began serving its purpose on March 29, 1965. The main purposes of the reservoir are flood control, hydroelectric power generation, and conservation of water. Construction costs, including those for recreation facilities, were estimated at about $66 million.</p><br>
<p>It was known as McGee Bend Dam and Reservoir until 1963. In September of that year, the 88th Congress adopted a special resolution changing the name to "Sam Rayburn Dam and Reservoir" in honor of the recently deceased Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn, a long-time champion of soil and water conservation. Dedication ceremonies were held on May 8, 1965.</p><br>
<p>In accordance with the 1945 federal Rivers and Harbors Act, four reservoirs were originally approved for the Neches and Angelina Rivers Basin. They were designated as Dam A, Dam B, Rockland, and McGee Bend. The first to be built was Dam B, completed on the Neches River in 1953. The name was changed to Town Bluff Dam and B. A. Steinhagen Reservoir, but locals still refer to it as Dam B. In 1955, Congress approved the funding for McGee Bend Dam and Reservoir, and construction began in 1957. Congress changed the name to Sam Rayburn Dam and Reservoir in 1963, and it was formally dedicated in 1965. The Dam A and Rockland dams, which were to be on the Neches River upstream from the convergence of the Neches and Angelina Rivers, were deemed to be unnecessary and listed as "deferred".</p><br>
<p>Lake Sam Rayburn can be crossed on Texas State Highway 147 and is a popular recreation destination, both for boating and fishing, with game fish species in the lake including largemouth bass, bluegill, and channel catfish. Due to the abundance of bass, it is home to more than 300 tournaments annually, which include tournaments such as ESPN/BASS Masters, BASS Champs, Wal Mart BFL, FLW Outdoors, The Cabelas Texas Team Trail, Anglers Quest, Bass-n-Bucks, and McDonald&#39;s Big Bass Splash.</p><br>
<p>Lake Sam Rayburn was known as a burial ground for serial killers Dean Corll, Elmer Wayne Henley and David Brooks. Corll, Brooks and Henley buried four of their 28 victims at the Lake. Henley later shot Corll to death, turned himself in to authorities and implicated Brooks, whereupon the two were sentenced to life in prison.</p><br>
<p>Algonquin Peak is in the MacIntyre Range in the town of North Elba, in Essex County, New York. It is the second highest mountain in New York, and one of the 46 Adirondack High Peaks in Adirondack Park. Its name comes from its reputedly being on the Algonquian side of a nearby informal boundary between the Algonquian and their Iroquois neighbors.</p><br>
<p>Algonquin is popular with hikers, accessible from the popular Adirondak Loj trailhead near Heart Lake outside Lake Placid for a day trip. While the climb is shorter than that of nearby Mount Marcy, it is steeper, requiring almost as much vertical ascent in a considerably shorter distance.</p><br>
<p>The usual route is via the blue-blazed Van Hoevenberg Trail 0.9 mi to its junction with the yellow-blazed MacIntyre Range Trail and following that the remaining 3.1 mi to the summit, during which the route gets progressively steeper and rockier, going over many steep rock chutes called "slides".</p><br>
<p>The mountain&#39;s summit is an alpine zone above tree line, and views of the surrounding high peaks are available in all directions. However, the large numbers of hikers on the summit have in the past caused damage to the fragile plant life, and strict regulations have been put in place both at the trailhead and on the summit (all hikers must sign in; no dogs are allowed without a leash) to protect it. On busy days a Summit Steward both reminds hikers of these rules and educates them about the ecosystem.</p><br>
<p>Less frequently, the mountain is approached from the southeast via the steep, narrow, 2.1 mi Boundary Trail from Lake Colden. This trail is also dangerous because of the poor markings and steep, slippery slides that streams have formed on.</p><br>
<p>Buckbarrow is a small fell in the English Lake District overlooking the western end of Wastwater. It is featured in Alfred Wainwright’s Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells and is given a height of 1,410 ft approximately; however, the Ordnance Survey and other guide books now give an altitude of 423 m . The fell’s name means ‘The hill of the buck or goat’. It is derived either from the Old English word bucc meaning buck or the Old Norse word bokki meaning a male goat.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The Western Fells occupy a triangular sector of the Lake District, bordered by the River Cocker to the north east and Wasdale to the south-east. Westwards the hills diminish toward the coastal plain of Cumberland. At the central hub of the high country are Great Gable and its satellites, while two principal ridges fan out on either flank of Ennerdale, the western fells in effect being a great horseshoe around this long, wild valley. Buckbarrow is an outlier of the southern branch of the horseshoe.</p><br>
<p>Buckbarrow is not really a separate hill, but just the craggy end of the southern ridge of the neighbouring fell of Seatallan, which reaches a height of 692 m (2,270 ft). Seatallan itself lies to the south of the main ridge, connecting to Haycock across the Pots of Ashness depression.</p><br>
<p>Seatallan&#39;s south-western ridge falls gently at first across the broad green expanse of Nether Wasdale Common, finally narrowing to a point at Cat Bields (500 m or 1,640 ft), a mile from the summit. From here the slope continues in the same direction to the Greendale- Gosforth road, its progress only briefly interrupted by the few desultory rocks of Gray Crag. A smaller spur runs out south from Cat Bields, only resolving into a definite ridge some way down the slope at Glade How (435 m or 1,425 ft). This cairned top is recognised as a summit by some guidbooks. A little to the south of Glade How the spur ends in a wall of crag, dropping 900 ft to the road below. This is Buckbarrow.</p><br>
<p>Buckbarrow’s crags face the Wastwater Screes across the foot of the lake, aping their more famous neighbours in miniature. About three quarters of a mile in length, the principal features of Buckbarrow&#39;s southern face are Long Crag, Pike Crag, Bull Crag and Broad Crag. The western boundary is formed by Gill Beck, flowing between Buckbarrow and the main ridge of Seatallan. To the east the crags overlook Greendale Gill, the boundary with Middle Fell.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The northern parts of Buckbarrow, blending into the slopes of Seatallan, are overlain by drift deposits, much peat being in evidence around Glade How. The summit area shows outcropping of the Birker Fell Formation, an undivided sequence of generally plagioclase-phyric andesite lavas with subordinate sills. At the bottom of the slope are examples of granophyric microgranite, representative of the Ennerdale Intrusion. Dykes of basalt and dolerite run through both formations.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The nearest to an actual summit given the limited prominence is a rocky mound set back from the rim of crags. Much finer views can be obtained from the lower rocky knoll which stands above Pike Crag. Buckbarrow gives good views of Wast Water as well as the Wast Water Screes. The full length of the lake can be seen from Pike Crag, along with a fine view of Great Gable and the Scafells.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The fell is usually climbed from the minor road which runs along the base of the hill. From here Buckbarrow looks quite formidable and the crags are a deterrent to a direct ascent; however, all danger can be bypassed by starting the climb at the more westerly point of Harrow Head farm and following Gill Beck up to a height of around 350 m (1,150 ft) before bearing north easterly to the highest point above the crags. An alternative is to climb from Greendale, via Greendale Gill and Tongues Gills. Buckbarrow can also be bagged almost as an afterthought as the walker descends from Seatallan. Buckbarrow’s formidable crags are a popular rock climbing venue.</p><br>
<p>Pessinus  was an Ancient city and archbishopric in Asia Minor, a geographical area roughly covering modern Anatolia  on the upper course of the river Sangarios , remaining a Catholic  titular see.</p><br>
<p>Pessinus, the present modern Turkish village of Ballıhisar, is situated at 13 km from Sivrihisar a small town on the road Ankara- Eskişehir at the junction with the road to Afyon-İzmir, at 120 km SW of Ankara. The village is situated on the high Anatolian plateau at ca. 950 m altitude above sea level.It is developed in a valley, more specifically the tributary valley of the Sakarya (Sangarios) river.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mythological King Midas (738-696 BC?) is said to have ruled a greater Phrygian realm from Pessinus, but archaeological research since 1967 showed that the city developed around 400 BC at the earliest, which contradicts any historical claim of early Phrygian roots.</p><br>
<p>According to ancient tradition, Pessinous was the principal cult centre of the cult of Cybele/Kybele. The Graeco-Phrygian Cybele is rooted in the old Anatolian goddess Kubaba, whose cult spread over Anatolia during the second millennium BC. Tradition situates the cult of Cybele in the early Phrygian period (8th century BC) and associates the erection of her first "costly" temple and even the founding of the city with king Midas (738-696 BC?). However, the Phrygian past of Pessinus is still obscure, both historically as archaeologically. For example, the geographer Strabo (12.5.3) writes that the priests were potentates in "ancient times", but it is unclear whether Pessinus was already a temple state ruled by "dynastai" in the Phrygian period. According to Cicero (Har. Resp. 8.28) the Seleucid kings held deep devotion for the shrine, which indicates the sanctuary was still much revered in this period.</p><br>
<p>By the 3rd century BC at the latest, Pessinus had become a temple state ruled by a clerical oligarchy consisting of Galloi, eunuch priests of the Mother Goddess. After the arrival of Celtic tribes in Asia Minor in 278/277 BC, and their defeat at the hand of Antiochus I during the so-called Battle of the Elephants (likely 268 BC), the Celts settled in the north-central region of Anatolia which became known as Galatia. The tribe of the Tolistobogi occupied the Phrygian territory between Gordium and Pessinus. It is doubtful that the temple state actually stood under Galatian control at this early stage.</p><br>
<p>Roman involvement in Pessinus however has early roots. In 205/204 BC, alarmed by a number of meteor showers during the ongoing Second Punic War, the Romans, after consulting the Sibylline Books, decided to introduce the cult of the Great Mother of Ida (Magna Mater Idaea, also known as Cybele) to the city. They sought the aid of their ally Attalus I (241-197 BC), and following his instructions, they went to Pessinus and removed the goddess&#39; most important image, a large black stone that was said to have fallen from the sky, to Rome (Livy 10.4-11.18).</p><br>
<p>Pergamum seems to have gained some control over Pessinus by the end of the third century BC. Pessinus was bequeathed a sanctuary by the Attalid kings, perhaps after 183 BC, when Galatia was subject to Pergamene rule.</p><br>
<p>The first century BC was a very unstable period for Pessinus with many rulers reigning over central Anatolia. According to Strabo (12.5.3) the priests gradually lost their privileges. The Mithridatic Wars (89-85 BC; 83-81 BC; 73-63 BC) caused political and economic turmoil throughout the region. When Deiotaros, tetrarch of the Tolistobogi and loyal vassal of Rome, became king of Galatia in 67/66 BC or 63 BC, Pessinus lost its status as an independent sacred principality.</p><br>
<p>In 36 BC, rule over Galatia was transferred to king Amyntas by Marc Anthony. At the death of the monarch, under Emperor Augustus the empire of the Galatians was annexed by the Imperium Romanum as the province of Galatia. Pessinus became the administrative capital of the Galatian tribe of the Tolistobogi and soon developed into a genuinely Graeco-Roman polis with a large number of monumental buildings, such as a colonnaded street and a Temple of the Imperial Cult.</p><br>
<p>The priest list on the left hand anta of the temple of Augustus and Roma in Ankara reveals that by the end of Tiberius principate two citizens of Pessinus held the chief priesthood of the provincial imperial cult in Ancyra: M. Lollius in AD 31/32 and Q. Gallius Pulcher in AD 35/36. Strabo called Pessinus an emporion,&#39; a trading centre, the largest west of the Halys river. It may be assumed that products from the Anatolian highlands were traded, especially grain and wool. A stamped handle of a wine amphora from Thasos, probably dating from the first quarter of the 3rd century BC, is proof of this trade and is at the same time the earliest written document discovered at Pessinus.</p><br>
<p>Very soon after 25 BC the urbanization and transformation of the Pessinuntian temple state into a Greek polis began. Constructions such as a Corinthian temple and a colonnaded street (cardo maximus) were erected with the marble from the quarries located at İstiklalbağı, ca. 6 km north of the city. The boundaries of Pessinus must have been fixed, as were those of the newly founded colony of Germakoloneia (near Babadat), which received part of the area inhabited by the Tolistobogioi. It has been argued that Pessinous and the other Galatian cities received a constitution based on that of the cities in Pontus-Bithynia, imposed by the lex Pompeia. From the inscriptions it appears that Pessinus possessed several public buildings, including a gymnasium, a theatre, an archive, and baths. A system of water supply has been discovered through gutters and terracotta pipes. The most impressive public construction of the early Imperial period was the canalisation system, the earliest part of which dates from the Augustan age. It was meant to retain and carry away the waters of the Gallos, the seasonal river which traverses Pessinus and which was the main north-south artery (cardo maximus) of the city. From the 1st to the 3rd century AD the canal was continuously expanded until it finally reached a lengt of ca. 500 m and a width of 11 to 13 m. It is not known when exactly the large theatre, of which is preserved only the emplacement of the cavea where the spectators were seated, was constructed, but it was repaired or embellished by Hadrian.</p><br>
<p>Other monumental buildings, erected under the reign of Tiberius, included the marble peripteros temple of the provincial Imperial cult, a Sebasteion, on a hill at the north-western end of the canal, a stairway combined with a theatre in front (with an orchestra where religious and other performances such as gladiator fights took place).</p><br>
<p>The colonnaded square lower down the valley was reconstructed by Verlinde. In the past, this structure was wrongly situated in the Tiberian era, but it was shown that it was a monument of the Hellenistic age (late 2nd-early 1st century BC), and contemporary with the citadel that preceded the temple complex.</p><br>
<p>Christianity reached the area in the 3rd century, and at the end of the 4th century, the temple of Augustus was decommissioned. Perhaps as a sign of the rise of Christianity in Pessinus, Emperor Julian the Apostate made a pilgrimage to Pessinus and wrote an angry letter concerning the disrespect shown to the sanctuary of Cybele. In ca. 398, Pessinus was established as the capital of the newly established province of Galatia Salutaris (in the civil Diocese of Pontus), and became the seat of a Metropolitan Archbishop. The region later became part of the Byzantine Anatolic Theme.</p><br>
<p>In late 715 AD, the city of Pessinus was destroyed by an Arab raid, along with the neighboring city Orkistos. The area remained under Byzantine control until lost to the Seljuk Turks in the latter 11th century, after which Pessinus became an inconspicuous mountain village at 900m height, gradually getting depopulated since it was fully protected.</p><br>
<h2>Ecclesiastical history</h2><br>
<p>Circa AD 398, Pessinus was established as the capital of the newly established Roman province of Galatia Salutaris (=Secunda), and became the seat of a Metropolitan Archdiocese, in the sway of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.</p><br>
<p>Despite the Arab sack of the city in the 7th century, it has Archbishops at least until the 11th century, but ultimately was suppressed, being truly in partibus infidelium under Turkish (Seljuk, later Ottoman) Muslim rule.</p><br>
<p>It would be nominally revived in the early 20th century, both in a Latin (extant) and in an Armenian Catholic (short-lived) line of apostolic succession.</p><br>
<h3>Ecclesiastical province</h3><br>
<p>The Notitia Episcopatuum of pseudo-Epifanius, edited under Byzantine emperor Heraclius I (circa 640), the see ranks 18th amongst the Metropolitans in the Patriarchate of Constantinople and has seven suffragans: Amorium, Claneus (has been made a titular bishopric), Eudoxias (a titular bishopric), Petinessus (a titular bishopric), Trocmades (also titular bishopric; nicknamed (P)lotinus after its patron saint, not the philosopher, Germocolonia (i.e. Germa in Galatia) and Palia (sic; cfr. Spalea below?).</p><br>
<p>The Notitia Episcopatuum under Byzantine emperor Leo VI the Wise or the Philosopher (866-912) Pessinus ranks as 19th Metropolitanate, but with a greatly altered set of seven suffragans: again Germocolonia, again (P)Lotinus (=above Trocmades), again Petinessus, Synodium (sic, unidentified, perhaps an error), SantAgapeto (i.e. Myrica, a titular see), Orcistus (titular see) and Spalea&#39;, plausibly Justinianopolis in Galatia (titular see).</p><br>
<h3>Residential (Byzantine) Metropolitan Archbishops</h3><br>
<p>The following incumbents are historically known :</p><br>
<p>Demetrius (first documented circa 403 - circa 405 exiled)</p><br>
<p>Pius (in 431)</p><br>
<p>Teoctistus (fl. 449 - 451)</p><br>
<p>Acacus (on 536)</p><br>
<p>Georgius (circa 600)</p><br>
<p>Johannes (in 680)</p><br>
<p>Constantinus (in 692)</p><br>
<p>Gregorius (in 787)</p><br>
<p>Eustratius (in 879)</p><br>
<p>Eusebius (fl. 944 - 945)</p><br>
<p>Genesius (from a seal, first half tenth century)</p><br>
<p>Nicolaus (in 1054).</p><br>
<h3>Latin Titular see</h3><br>
<p>No later then 1901, the archdiocese was nominally restored when Pessinus of the Latins was as Latin Metropolitan Titular archbishopric of Pessinus (Latin) / Pessinonte (Curiate Italian) / Pessinuntin(us) (Latin)</p><br>
<p>It is vacant since decades, having had the following incumbents, so far of the fitting Metropolitan (highest) rank :</p><br>
<p>Vincenzo di Giovanni (Italian) (1901.03.22 – death 1903.07.20) as emeritate; previously Titular Archbishop of Theodosiopolis in Armenia (1897.04.01 – 1901.03.22) as Bishop-Prelate of Territorial Prelature of Santa Lucia del Mela (Italy) (1896.10.21 – 1901.03.04)</p><br>
<p>Emilio Parodi, Lazarists (C.M.) (1905.03.27 – 1905.10.10) as Coadjutor Archbishop of Sassari (Sardinia, Italy) (1905.03.27 – 1905.10.10), next succeeded as Metropolitan Archbishop of Sassari (1905.10.10 – death 1916.12.22)</p><br>
<p>Constant-Ludovic-Marie Guillois (1907.04.15 – resigned 1907.05.31) as emeritate; previously Bishop of Le Puy-en-Velay (France) ( 1894.05.18 – 1907.04.15); died 1910</p><br>
<p>Gabriel Ganni (1966.03.02 – 1971.01.15)</p><br>
<p>Paul Gouyon (later Cardinal) (1963.09.06 – 1964.09.04)</p><br>
<p>Gerald Patrick Aloysius O’Hara (1959.11.12 – 1963.07.16)</p><br>
<p>Nicola Giannattasio (1926.06.24 – 1959.08.24)</p><br>
<p>William Barry (1919.04.07 – 1926.05.08)</p><br>
<p>José Alves de Matos (1915.12.09 – 1917.04.14)</p><br>
<p>Robert William Spence, Dominican Order (O.P.) (1914.05.02 – 1915.07.06)</p><br>
<p>Antun Bauer (1911.01.20 – 1914.04.26)</p><br>
<h3>Armenian Catholic Titular see</h3><br>
<p>In 1905 Pessinus of the Armenians was established as Armenian Catholic Metropolitan Titular archbishopric of Pessinus (Latin) / Pessinonte (Curiate Italiano) / Pessinuntin(us) Armenorum (Latin adjective).</p><br>
<p>In 1915 it was suppressed, having had a singular incumbent, of the fitting Metropolitan (highest) rank :</p><br>
<p>Isaac Hagian (1905.05.06 – death 1908?) as emeritate, formerly first Archbishop of Sebaste of the Armenians (1892.04.08 – 1905.05.06).</p><br>
<h2>Archeology</h2><br>
<p>The archaeological (1967–1973 under the directorship of Pieter Lambrechts; 1987–2008 under the directorship of John Devreker) of the temple area, which was discovered in 1834 by the French architect and archaeologist Charles Texier in the south of the village along the Gallos river, Angelo Verlinde&#39;s 2012 PhD dissertation, published in 2015, adds to the understanding of the temple area.</p><br>
<p>As yet, the temple area (sector B) is the only thoroughly investigated area of the city, with the exception of the so-called Acropolis (sector I) near the northern entrance of the Ballıhisar valley. Since 2009, the city is being investigated by a team of the University of Melbourne, Australia, led by Gocha Tsetskhladze.</p><br>
<h2>Remains</h2><br>
<h3>The temple area</h3><br>
<p>As yet, the temple area, which was excavated between 1967 and 1972, is the only well-studied area of Pessinus. It was studied thoroughly by M. Waelkens (current director of Sagalassos excavations) in the 1980s and between 2006 and 2012 by Verlinde (Ghent University), who built on the findings of the former to analyze and reconstruct the architecture of the Corinthian peripteral temple, of which only the massive foundations remain. Investigations led to several observations, such as the Tiberian date (25-35 AD) of the cult building and its identification as a temple of the imperial cult (Sebasteion). As such, it was finally established that the excavated temple could not be identified as the Temple of Cybele, as explorer Charles Texier had done when he discovered the foundations of the temple in 1834. Verlinde discovered that the building was designed on the basis of a grid, and that the governing module, determining the intervals and height of the columns, was equal to the lower diameter of the columns (0.76 m). Each intercolumnar space was equal to two modules (1.52 m), which designates the temple as a systyle. Furthermore, the extraordinarely large stepped podium seems to have been influenced by Hellenistic and early Imperial pseudodipteroi. Although the temple was Tiberian, the decorative sculpture was fashioned in a conservative Augustan manner, which suggests that the building may have been design in the late Augustan period (ca. 15 AD).</p><br>
<p>The temple towered over the back of a theatre, which combined a central staircase with two cavea wings for spectators. It was claimed by Verlinde that this theatrical area was ritual and used for gladiatorial fights, as the theatre contained raised seats with a protective parapet, which was typical for gladiatorial theatres in the Greek east. Given that such gladiatorial combat was as a rule intertwined with the imperial cult, Verlinde argued that the epigraphically attested cult of the emperor, was once again confirmed. He also observed that there is a consistency of such theatre-temples, which were influenced by late Republican sanctuaries in Italy (e.g. the sanctuary of Hercules Victor at Tivoli), being associated with the imperial cult. The sanctuary of Augustus at Stratonicea, which was a theatre-temple as well, may have served as a model for the sanctuary in Pessinus.</p><br>
<h3>The colonnaded square</h3><br>
<p>The colonnaded square in front of the stairway-theatre was thought to have been part of the imperial complex. However, this was rejected by Verlinde who dated the complex to the late 2nd century BC. The architecture of the limestone complex (covered with stucco lustro)Lara, L. Pessinonte: les stucs peints, Anatolia Antiqua, vol. 15, 2007. pp. 183-186.</p><br>
<p>emanates the style of Hellenistic palaestrae such as the Gymnasion of Eudemos at Miletus (late 3rd century BC). Being quite similar to the latter complex, the Pessinuntian square was by Verlinde as a quadriporticus with a Rhodian peristyle, that is with a high (Ionic) colonnade to the north, and three lower wings with Doric columns. The quadriporticus was an annex of the Hellenistic citadel on the promontory to the east, which preceded the early imperial temple.</p><br>
<p>The combination of a Hellenistic palace and a gymnasium (school) was a typical phenomenon of the Greek world during the Hellenistic age. Carbondating and ceramological analysis indicates that the palaestra (sports gym) was destroyed by a fire during the late Hellenistic age, suggesting that the colonnaded square as a functional entity was short-lived. After the quadriporticus was destroyed, it was not rebuilt during the early Roman period, as the area may have been used as an unpaved arena for the gladiatorial fights of the temple. In the 3rd century AD, the area was monumentalized with a new ellipse-shaped theatre and a vast marble square with a monumental funerary crypt (a funerary Heroon). This coincided with the further monumentalization of the cardo maximus, which received monumental city gates in the form of arches at its southern and northern extremity.</p><br>
<p>Flinders Bay is a bay and locality that is immediately south of the townsite of Augusta, Western Australia, and close to the mouth of the Blackwood River and lies to the north east of Cape Leeuwin which is the most south-westerly mainland point of the Australian Continent, in the state of Western Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Bay</h2><br>
<p>On Matthew Flinders Terra Australis Sheet 1 1801-1803 the area was originally known as Dangerous Bight. The bay runs from Point Matthew 1.5 km East North East of Cape Leeuwin to Ledge Point some 8 km east.</p><br>
<p>It was named by either James Stirling or Septimus Roe in 1829 or 1830.</p><br>
<p>Matthew Flinders was first in the Bay on 7 December 1801.</p><br>
<h2>Railway terminus and jetty</h2><br>
<p>The name of the locality of Flinders Bay is tied to the small settlement that had been a whaling and fishing location, as well as the terminus of the Busselton to Flinders Bay Branch Railway railway line (1920s, closed 1957), and the earlier Flinders Bay jetty (1890s). The settlement was in the earlier days considered to be separate from Augusta but now is more or less the southern portion of the larger community.</p><br>
<h2>Boat harbour</h2><br>
<p>The need for safe, and efficient transfer of whale watchers, and a safe mooring location in the Bay for fishermen has seen a proposal for a marina in 2004 which had included plans for the marina close to the old settlement of Flinders Bay. The 2005 revised proposal has moved to a bay further around towards Cape Leeuwin. The Flat Rock site is completed and has been called "Augusta Boat Harbour" by the department of Transport.</p><br>
<h2>Whaling</h2><br>
<p>The landing area adjacent to the old railway station yard, was original known as The Whaling. It was the area where boats would work from in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Up until the early 1970s sheds and ramps were still present. In the late 20th century the area had Whale rescue operations occurring very close to the area. Also businesses involved in Whale watching have more recently used the bay.</p><br>
<h2>Islands</h2><br>
<p>The St Alouarn Islands stretch out south of Point Matthew (on the road to Cape Leeuwin), and are effective barriers along with reefs for the outer reaches of the bay to the south.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Like the majority of the southwestern coastal regions of Western Australia, Flinders Bay experiences a cool-summer Mediterranean climate with cool to warm summers and mild, wet winters.</p><br>
<h2>Abalone sea ranch</h2><br>
<p>After trials in 2012,</p><br>
<p>a world-first commercial "sea ranch" was set up in the Bay, to raise abalone. The ranch is based on an artificial reef made up of 5000 separate concrete units called abitats (abalone habitats). The 900 kg abitats can host 400 abalone each. The reef is seeded with young abalone from an onshore hatchery.</p><br>
<p>The abalone feed on seaweed that has grown naturally on the abitats. The ecosystem enrichment of the bay also results in growing numbers of dhufish, pink snapper, wrasse, samson fish and other species.</p><br>
<p>Brad Adams, from the company, has emphasised the similarity to wild abalone and the difference from shore based aquaculture. "Were not aquaculture, were ranching, because once they&#39;re in the water they look after themselves."</p><br>
<p>Minicoy, locally known as Maliku  is an island in Lakshadweep, India. Along with Viringili, it is on Maliku atoll, the southernmost atoll of Lakshadweep archipelago. Administratively, it is a census town in the Indian union territory of Lakshadweep.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Minicoy is known as Maliku in the local language. The ancient name of Maliku was Mahiladū meaning women&#39;s island. Mahiladū is the conjugated form of Mahila nadū, which liberally means woman-land.</p><br>
<p>However, the name Maliku is thought to have been derived from the Arab traders term for the island, Jazirat al-Maliku (the island of the king&#39;). Since it was the ancient capital of Lakshadweep.</p><br>
<p>Minicoy islanders have long settled in the Nicobar Islands across the Bay of Bengal. These settlers regularly travelled back to Minicoy. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands had a reputation in the Maldives and Minicoy of being inhabited by cannibals, and so collectively the Andaman and Nicobar groups were called "Minikaa-raajje" by Maldive and Minicoy islanders. This meant "cannibal kingdom".</p><br>
<p>A British official once asked a Minicoy islander what the name of his island was. The islander told the official that he was from Maliku but usually lived in "Minikaa-raajje" (Nicobar). The official thought Maliku and Minikaa were the same place and recorded the name of this islander&#39;s home as "Minikaa". This later became anglicised as Minicoy.</p><br>
<p>Little did this islander know that as a result of this cross-cultural exchange, his home would forever be called by a name that sounded like "cannibal" in his own language.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Minicoy is the second largest and the southernmost among the islands of the Lakshadweep archipelago. It is located 201 km to the SSW of Kalpeni, at the southern end of the Nine Degree Channel and 125 km to the north of Thuraakunu, Maldives, at the northern end of the Eight Degree Channel. The atoll is 10 km in length, having a maximum breadth of about 6 km. The closest geographic feature is the Investigator Bank, a submerged shoal located 31 km to the northeast.</p><br>
<p>It is located 400 KM west off the coast of Trivandrum. The atoll contains two islands. The main island is located on the eastern and southeastern side of the lagoon, along the reef fringe. It measures about 10 km from its northern end to its southernmost point and it is about 1 km wide in its southern half, while the northern half is a narrow sandspit, often less than 100 m wide. Minicoy is almost completely covered with coconut trees. One of the few landmarks of the island is a tall lighthouse. On the southern side of the main island lies the uninhabited islet of Viringili (Dhivehi: ވިރިންގިލި; വിരിന്ഗാ, also called the Small Pox Island), measuring barely 200 m in length. Formerly the lepers of Minicoy were banished to this island where they lived in abject conditions.</p><br>
<p>Maliku Atoll has a lagoon with two entrances in its northern side, Saalu Magu on the northeast and Kandimma Magu on the northwest. Its western side is fringed by a narrow reef and coral rocks awash. The interior of the lagoon is sandy and of moderate depth, rarely reaching 4m. It has some coral patches.</p><br>
<p>This atoll is administered under the Indian Union Territory of Lakshadweep. Nine Degree Channel separates Minicoy and Laccadive Islands. The closest island to Minicoy is Thuraakunu in the Republic of Maldives. Since 1956, the Indian Government has forbidden the direct travelling between the two islands despite their geographic proximity and ethnographic similarities.</p><br>
<p>Maliku Kandu is the traditional name of the broad channel between Minicoy (Maliku) and Ihavandippulhu (Haa Alif Atoll) in the Maldives. In the Admiralty Charts it is called Eight Degree Channel. Other names for this channel are Addigiri Kandu and Māmalē Kandu. It appeared in old French maps with the name Courant de Malicut.</p><br>
<h3>Villages</h3><br>
<p>There are total of ten villages (athiris)(avah) in Minicoy Island. From North to South, they are:</p><br>
<p>Kendifarty</p><br>
<p>Fallessery</p><br>
<p>Kudehi</p><br>
<p>Funhilol</p><br>
<p>Aloodi</p><br>
<p>Sedivalu</p><br>
<p>Rammedu</p><br>
<p>NEW BODUATHIRI</p><br>
<p>Aoumagu</p><br>
<p>Bada</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Minicoy has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw) with warm temperatures throughout the year. Precipitation falls during most of the year; only January to March are relatively dry.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There are ancient remains in an area of the island known as "Salliballu" dating back from Minicoy&#39;s Buddhist past, about 800 years ago. The most conspicuous archaeological sites are two mounds or large heaps of ruins belonging to a stupa and another related structure. These sites were investigated by the Archaeological Survey of India in the 1980s. The excavations yielded few discoveries, for the sites had been much damaged and vandalized previously. Still, a much-damaged large Buddha head was found buried in the area. The name "Salliballu" originated in the local name for the "Christian cross", because the locals say that an inscription with a "cross" was found there. But it is likely that, coming from a Buddhist site, it was a cross-shaped Mandala or Visvavajra, like those often found on inscriptions in archaeological remains in the Maldives.</p><br>
<p>Local oral tradition has it that Kamborani and Kohoratukamana, two princesses from the Maldives, came to Maliku. When they arrived, the tivaru, who had been living there before, left the island for Sri Lanka. The Kamborani&#39;s descendants are the bodun (land- and shipowners) and the descendents of Kohoratukamana are the niamin (captains). The other status-groups are made up of the descendants of their crew.</p><br>
<p>The affiliation of the island to the Laccadive Islands now known as Lakshadweep is rather recent. The term Lakshadweep, according to folk-etymology, means a hundred thousand islands. The Laccadive group consists of only 25 islands and it is unlikely the name refers to a numerical value. According to ancient Sanskrit literature the term originally applied to all the island groups SSW of the Indian Subcontinent, that is the Laccadive-Maldive-Chagos archipelagoes. Even then the number of islands is only around 2000.</p><br>
<p>The kings of the Maldives styled themselves as "Kings of Twelve Thousand Islands". This indicated a huge number rather than a numerical value. In the old Maldive duodecimal system of counting, twelve thousand was a round figure such as a hundred thousand in the decimal system. Clearly, therefore, twelve thousand was the figurative duodecimal equivalent of the decimal a hundred thousand. Even today in Maldive and Maliku speech, terms such as lakka duvas (a hundred thousand days) are used to refer to a huge number- in this case, a huge number of days (or time).</p><br>
<p>Until the 16th Century, the Laccadives appear to have been under the suzerainty of the Kolathiri Raja of Chirakkal in what is now the Indian state of Kerala. With the Portuguese ascendancy in the region, it became necessary for the Kolathiri to transfer sovereignty of the islands to their hereditary admiral, the Ali Raja of KolathunaduCannanore. It is unclear if Maliku was included in this transfer or if in fact Maliku ever formed part of the dominons of the Kolathiri.</p><br>
<p>Still, until relatively recently, the kings and queens of the Maldives issued edicts addressed to the subjects in their realm Malikaddu Midhemedhu. This meant "Between Maliku and Addu". Previously Addu was the Southern-most island in the dominions of the Maldive kings and was in Addu Atoll. The island was dredged off by the British in 1959 to construct the airfield on neighbouring Gan island. As late as AD 1696, a grant issued under the Seal of the King Siri Kula Ran Mani of the Maldives referred to him as Malikaddu Midhemedhu ekanuonna mi korhu anikaneh nethee korhu which meant "Sole Sovereign with no other over what lies between Maliku and Addu". The grant was issued in the matter of the building and upkeep of a mosque in the island of Finey in Thiladhummathi Atoll, Maldives.</p><br>
<p>On 18 December 1790 Maliku was surrendered to the Court of Directors of the English East India Company by the Ali Raja of Cannanore, Junumabe Ali-Adi Raja Bibi II. The Ali Raja was allowed to administer Maliku in return for a tribute to the East India Company. She continued to dispute the transfer of sovereignty but in 1824, her successor, Mariambe Ali-Adi Raja Bibi made a formal written recognition of the suzerainty of the East India Company. She and her successors, however, continued the tributary arrangement.</p><br>
<p>On 27 July 1795, the Governor General of the Presidency of Madras under whose jurisdiction Maliku was, abolished Junumabe Ali Adi-Raja Bibis coir monopoly. This was the beginning of the end of the Ali Rajas real control over Maliku.</p><br>
<p>In 1857, suzerainty over Maliku transferred from the East India Company to the Indian Empire when Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress.</p><br>
<p>In 1905 under the heavy burden of debts to the Empire, Mohamed Ali-Adi Raja agreed to surrender sovereignty and control over Maliku. He died before the formal transfer. After an attempt to back track, his successor Imbicchi Ali-Adi Raja Bibi finally signed over Maliku to the Emperor Edward VII on 9 February 1909, back dated to 1 July 1905. Following this, Maliku was annexed to the District of Malabar.</p><br>
<p>In August 1947 the possessions of the Emperor of India passed to either the Indian Union or Pakistan according to an agreed demarcation line. The rulers of the independent countries that were vassals of the Emperor had the choice of acceding to either India or Pakistan.</p><br>
<p>While Maliku was a sovereign possession of the Emperor and not that of an independent country such as Cannanore, Kashmir or Hyderabad, it is unclear why India felt it necessary to hold a plebiscite in Maliku in 1956 to determine whether or not the people of Maliku wished to join the Indian Union. A referendum was held and an absolute majority of the Malikun decided to join the Indian Union. On 1 November 1956, Maliku was incorporated into the Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Aminidivi Islands, renamed Lakshadweep in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Maliku Atoll has been under Indian administrations since mid 16th century. It was the northernmost atoll of historical Maldives before mid 16th century. In December 1976, India and the Maldives signed a maritime boundary treaty whereby Maliku was placed on the Indian side of the boundary.</p><br>
<p>However, on 26 July 1982, Abdulla Hameed, the half-brother of Maldivian president Maumoon Abdul Gayoom and the Minister of Atolls for the Maldivian government, gave a speech in which he declared that Minicoy Island was part of the Maldives. The speech caused a minor diplomatic crisis between India and the Maldives, and Gayoom clarified that the speech was intended to highlight the linguistic, cultural, and religious ties between the Maldives and Minicoy and that the Maldives was not intending to make a political claim over the atoll.</p><br>
<h3>The Great Plan</h3><br>
<p>An oral tradition of the Maldives (according to the late Magieduruge Ibrahim Didi, a Maldivian learned man from the island of Fuvahmulah) explains why Minicoy is not politically part of the Maldives anymore:</p><br>
<p>Some time in the past (perhaps during the 17th century), Minicoy was devastated by a great cyclone which destroyed most houses and a great number of coconut trees. Following the catastrophe, a delegation of Minicoy islanders from the best families in the island sailed to the King in Male&#39; asking for gold to help them through the hard times. However, the Maldive King told them that he had not enough money in his treasury as he had faced a Malabari invasion from the King of Kannur recently who stole the entire treasury and that he was not able to help them. Hence the delegation of Maliku nobles went onwards to the Malabar coast, where they found favor with the king of Cannanore (Kannur) who welcomed them and helped the Minicoy people to rebuild their island in exchange for their loyalty. Henceforth the Minicoy Islanders owed allegiance to this kingdom of the SW Indian shore.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>India census, the island of Minicoy had a population of 9,495. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Minicoy has an average literacy rate of 82%, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 84%, and female literacy is 80%. In Minicoy, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. The people of Minicoy are ethnically Dhivehis and make up the third subgroup of Dhivehis referred as Mahls. The people locally identify themselves as "Malikun".</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>The cultural traits of Minicoy differ from those of any other island in Lakshadweep. Manners, customs, lifestyle and food are similar to those of the Maldives to the south of Minicoy and Malikubas (Officially referred as Mahl by the Lakshadweep administration), a dialect of Dhivehi language is spoken on the island. Like in other Dhivehi speaking communities it is the Tāna script, written from right to left which is used in writings.</p><br>
<p>The social structure is anthropologically interesting, being a matrilineal Muslim society with natolocal residence. A man will live in either his mothers or his wifes house. Remarriage for both men and women is accepted. Property is inalienable and owned by "houses" (matrilineal descent groups). As Muslims, they have conservative customs and traditions and yet they are liberal in approach. Here a man after marriage stays a member of his own mothers house throughout his life. Quite frequently Minicoy is referred to as the female island&#39; mentioned in the travelogue of Marco Polo.</p><br>
<p>Thuraakunu in the Maldives is the closest island to Minicoy. Formerly there was direct trade between both, and fishermen from both islands used to visit each other. This exchange continued even after Minicoy became part of the Indian Union after independence. However, since 1956 the Indian government has forbidden these visits between two nations. The people of Maliku are known as good sailors, and also for boat building and other crafts. The Indian seafarers originated from Maliku island.</p><br>
<h3>Status groups</h3><br>
<p>The bodun owned land and bandu-odies (merchant ships); they were the vering (rulers). The niamin were pilots of the Bandu-odies and while on shore assisted the bodun in administrative and other leadership functions; they were custodians of property and supervised public work. The medhukimbin and the raaverin were working classes (the medhukimbin enjoying a status higher than the raaverin.) The raaverin tapped coconut palms for toddy, a distinctive beverage converted into sweet palm syrup. Coconut vinegar, known as raahuiiy, was also produced by the raaverin.</p><br>
<h3>Customs</h3><br>
<p>Each village of Maliku has a Bodukaaka (male mayor) and Bodudhatha (female mayor) who conduct village business at a gathering known as Baemedu. The Bodukaaka announces Baemedu by sending children of the village to each house. Male members gather in the village house to learn the purpose of the Baemedu. After the work is finished, there is a feast prepared by female members of the village.</p><br>
<p>A newborn child is named on its day of birth (this is different from the Maldivian tradition of being named on the seventh day). The baby normally stays in the room in which it is born (which is customarily the ancestral home of the mother) for the first six days. The mothers house name becomes the childs surname. On the seventh day after birth, the baby is taken to the father&#39;s ancestral home, where jewellery is presented.</p><br>
<p>After 20 days, the baby&#39;s head is shaven and the hair is weighed against something of value, traditionally gold or silver, which would be given to the poor. This ceremony is called boabeylun.</p><br>
<p>Circumcision of boys is followed by much celebration. Dancing and drumming in the evening forms part of the entertainment. The festivities usually continue for about a week.</p><br>
<h3>Religion</h3><br>
<p>Minicoy islanders, like the nearby Maldive islanders, follow Islam.</p><br>
<h2>Entry</h2><br>
<p>Under the Laccadive, Minicoy and Aminidivi Islands (Laws) Regulations, 1967 of the Government of India, the following people may enter Minicoy (Maliku):</p><br>
<p>Persons who had taken up permanent residence in Minicoy at any time before 1967 and members of the families of such persons.</p><br>
<p>Member of the Armed Forces of India entering Minicoy on duty.</p><br>
<p>Persons serving in connection with the administration of the Union Territory of Lakshadweep proceeding to Minicoy on official duty and members of their families.</p><br>
<p>Officials and non-officials sponsored by any of the Ministries or Departments of the Government of India or the Administrator of Lakshadweep.</p><br>
<p>Indian Tourists permitted by the Administrator of Lakshadweep.</p><br>
<p>Non-Indian nationals permitted by the Ministry of Home Affairs of the Government of India for visits for such periods as may be specified by the Ministry, or the Administrator of Lakshadweep.</p><br>
<p>Employees of the Indian federal and state governments, Indian public sector undertakings and bona fide domestic servants and cooks permitted by the Administrator of Lakshadweep.</p><br>
<p>Maldive nationals permitted by the High Commissioner of India to the Maldives to visit specifically Minicoy for the period not exceeding fifteen days. Such persons may not disembark on any other Lakshadweep island unless permitted as per point 6 above.</p><br>
<p>The High Commissioner of India in Malé shall intimate the names of the persons whose visits are permitted and the period of their stay to the Administrator of Lakshadweep sufficiently in advance. The Administrator may, on valid grounds, extend the period of stay of Maldive nationals.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>MV Corals, MV Lagoons, MV Amindivi, MV Arabian Sea, MV Bharat Seema, MV Dweep Setu, MV Kavaratti, MV Lakshadweep Sea and MV Minicoy are the important passenger ships connecting Lakshadweep with Kerala. The passage takes between 14 and 20 hours.</p><br>
<p>Agatti Airport is the only civilian airport in Lakshadweep. Helicopter transfer is available from Agatti to Kavaratti throughout the year. The flight from Cochin to Agatti takes approximately one hour thirty minutes. Flights operate six days a week. The Government of India is planning to develop an airport at Minicoy Island to boost tourism and promote tuna fishing industry for improving livelihoods in Lakshadweep.</p><br>
<p>The emergence of historic port city Vizhinjam (Trivandrum) to its ancient glorious state as one of the major cities in India had forced the Ports Department to dust up an old proposal to launch a passenger ship service between Trivandrum and Minicoy. The distance between Trivandrum and Minicoy is just 398 km. Lakshadweep authority is also seeking for an opportunity to invest in Kollam Port. They are ready to investment for a passenger terminal with dormitory facilities and an office to guide the people of Minicoy reaching at Kollam Port. Traditionally, Lakshadweep’s connections with the mainland have been through Trivandrum, Kochi and Beypore ports. But Minicoy, a small atoll at the southernmost end of the archipelago, is closer to Kollam than to either Kochi or Beypore.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Ali Manikfan, born 1938</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Donauinsel  is a long, narrow island in central Vienna, Austria, lying between the Danube river and the parallel excavated channel Neue Donau . The island is 21.1 km in length, but is only 70 - wide. The New Danube waterway is practically an elongated  lake, technically a diluvian bed.</p><br>
<p>Donautech Data Sheet (see below: References).</p><br>
<h2>Recreation and festival venue</h2><br>
<p>To most visitors, the island is known as a recreational area with bars, restaurants and nightclubs. It has sports opportunities from rollerblading, cycling and swimming to canoeing. There is one beach that, in its beginning, felt so exotic that it was soon nicknamed the "Copa Cagrana" as a humoristic allusion to Rio de Janeiro&#39;s Copacabana: Kagran is the part of the 22nd District of Vienna next to that beach. In the southern and northern parts of the island, there are extensive (and free) nude beaches.</p><br>
<p>The Donauinselfest is an internationally well-known annual open air festival, and Europe&#39;s biggest event of this kind, with over 3 million visitors. It takes place at the end of June (Friday through Sunday) &ndash; except for 2008 (September 5&ndash;7), due to Austria (and Switzerland) hosting the European Football Championship. On September 23, 2008, Madonna gave her first concert in Austria there in front of a crowd of 57,000.</p><br>
<h2>Reliable flood protection</h2><br>
<p>The main purpose of the island however is to be part of Viennas highly sophisticated flood protection system. As the river Danube crosses the city (before major extensions: passed nearby), this has been a constant concern over hundreds of years. The first notable protective measures were taken between 1870 and 1875. A central bed, 280 m, was dug out, and an inundation area of 450 m was created at the rivers left bank.</p><br>
<p>In 1970, a new plan was conceived and soon executed: digging an additional channel to replace the former inundation area, and using the spoil to build up the remaining strip of land between the straightened bed from the 19th century flood defense schemes and the newly created one. The new channel is called the Neue Donau (New Danube). After the completion of the works it was envisaged that the resulting island should eventually be used for recreation. The flood control system is designed to protect from flash floods bringing river flows of up to 14,000 m per second. This has only happened once in Viennas history; in 1501. The heavy 2002 flood brought flows of 10,000 m per second. It includes the Danube Canals historic Nußdorf watergate, locks at either end of New Danube, a groundwater level control system integrated into the right bank flood levee (which creates appropriate conditions for the large park area Prater, once part of a wide alluvial forest zone), and the new Freudenau river plant&#39;s sluice.</p><br>
<p>The works were started in March 1972</p><br>
<p>and finished in 1988.</p><br>
<p>"Zwischen 1870 und 1875 gab es die erste Donauregulierung"</p><br>
<p>and "1988 fertig gestellt." (from a test for</p><br>
<p>immigrants, webpage: ,</p><br>
<p>applying for Austrian citizenship; official paper, in German)</p><br>
<p>The river plant was added from 1992 to 1998.</p><br>
<p>Pogonianí (Greek: Πωγωνιανή, pronounced, before 1928: Βοστίνα - Vostina; Voshtinë The municipal unit has an area of 56.693 km, the community 18.830 km. It is best known in Greece as the birthplace of Karolos Papoulias, President of the Hellenic Republic between 2005 and 2015.</p><br>
<p>The municipal unit consists of 4 villages: Pogoniani, Dolo, Drymades, Stavroskiadi. In the late Ottoman period and until 1923, the village of Pogoniani (known as Vostina) was inhabited by Muslim Albanians alongside Orthodox Greek inhabitants. Until 1924, Muslim Albanians from the village of Pogoniani used to have close relations and exchanges with people from the town of Libohovë in Albania.Gilles de Rapper & Pierre Sintès (2008). "". p. 4. "Dans ce modèle, la frontière internationale n’est pas un obstacle, tant qu’elle est</p><br>
<p>ouverte au passage, parce qu’elle ne correspond pas aux lignes de partage locales: Grecs et Albanais, chrétiens et musulmans, peuvent se marier de part et d’autre de la frontière, à l’intérieur de leur groupe. C’est le cas entre les deux parties du Pogon jusqu’à la fermeture de la frontière en 1944; entre les musulmans de Libohovë et ceux de Voshtinë/Pogonniani jusqu’à l’expulsion de ces derniers en 1924; entre les Grecs du Haut Dropull et ceux de la Mourgana jusqu’en 1944 (Dino 2007, 18), entre ceux de Konispol et ceux de Filiates.</p><br>
<p>Lorsque la frontière devient infranchissabl e et lorsque l’autre côté est considéré comme « ennemi », comme ce fut le cas à partir de 1944, les échanges matrimoniaux transfrontaliers disparaissent et laissent la place à d’autres alliances, qui semblaient jusqu’alors impossibles ou qui ne semblaient apporter aucun « avantage »: mariages entre minoritaires grecs et Albanais majoritaires, entre musulmans et chrétiens, entre gens des villages et gens des villes."</p><br>
<p>During the period prior to the First World War the British member of the International Commission that was responsible of the delineation of the Greek-Albanian border noticed that the villages that were ceded to Albania, which consist of the northern portion of Pogoniani are entirely Greek-speaking.</p><br>
<p>Alakol Lake  is a lake located in the Almaty and Shyghyz provinces, east central Kazakhstan. Its elevation is 347 m above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The lake is the northwest extension of the region known as the Dzhungarian Gate (Alataw Pass), a narrow valley connects the southern uplands of Kazakhstan with arid northwest China. The Dzhungarian Gate is a fault-bounded valley (see vertical line on the image along the southwest side of the lake) where the elevation of the valley floor is between 350 and 450 m above sea level and the peaks of the Dzhungarsky Alatau range (lower left) reach 4,463 m above sea level. Two well-defined alluvial fans are visible where mountain streams cut through the faulted landscape to the southwest of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The surface area of the lake is 2,650 km&sup2;. It is 54 m deep at its maximum depth, with a volume of 58.6 km. A swampy lowland (just above the center of the photo) connects the northwest end of Lake Alakol with the Kosharkol and</p><br>
<p>Sasykkol (the two lighter-colored lakes in the photo). From the southern tip of Lake Alakol a narrow swampy valley connects it to the freshwater Lake Zhalanashkol (at the bottom edge of the picture).</p><br>
<p>Alakol Lake, a salt lake, has a drainage basin of 65,200 km&sup2; and receives water periodically from several streams flowing from the Tarbagatai Mountains. Among them are the southerly draining Urdzhar River at the north end of the lake, and the Emil River, on the lake&#39;s north-eastern shore. During seasonal floods, surplus water drains from Lake Zhalanashkol to</p><br>
<p>Lake Alakol along the 10-km long slough called Zhaman-Otkel (Жаман-Откель).</p><br>
<p>The Alakol State Sanctuary has been created to protect the area for the lake is an important breeding and nesting ground for various wetland birds, notably the very rare relict gull. Piski Island has flocks of flamingo, and 40 species of other birds. UNESCO designated the Alakol Biosphere Reserve as part of its Man and the Biosphere Programme in 2013.</p><br>
<p>The largest island in Alakol Lake is Ul&#39;kun-Aral-Tyube. It is located in the center of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Agricultural activity in this arid region is limited to areas where adequate moisture is available, mainly along ephemeral streambeds and in the deltas and alluvial fans.</p><br>
<p>The Bronze Age Alakul culture is situated in the general region of the lake. In the middle of the 1st century BCE the Lake Alakol marked an eastern end of the Kangar state, shown on Chinese maps of the Western territory.</p><br>
<p>Whaleback Shell Midden is a shell midden, or dump, consisting primarily of oyster shells located on the east side of the Damariscotta River in Maine, United States. It is preserved as a Maine state historic site and was included as part of the Damariscotta Oyster Shell Heaps listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. Other shell middens are located on the estuary in both Damariscotta and Newcastle. The middens in this area were formed over about 1,000 years between 200 BC to AD 1000.</p><br>
<p>The midden originally had three main layers of shells. In the bottom two layers, individual shells were generally 5 - long. These two layers are separated by a layer of soil, and the middle layer is mixed with animal bones. The top layer contains smaller shells. Artifacts unearthed lead scientists to believe that successive tribes of prehistoric people used the area. The top layer was deposited by members of the Abenaki tribes that fished in the area in the summer.</p><br>
<p>Originally, the Whaleback midden was more than thirty feet deep, more than 1,650 feet in length, and a width varying from 1,320 to 1,650 feet. It got its name from its shape. Only a small portion of this midden remains today as much of it was processed into chicken feed from 1886 to 1891 by the Massachusetts-based Damariscotta Shell and Fertilizer company. Because of this, the Glidden midden, located across the river in Newcastle, is now the largest in Maine and the largest on the USA east coast north of Georgia.</p><br>
<h2>State historic site</h2><br>
<p>The area around the remains of the Whaleback is a Maine state historic site, first opened for a full season in 2005, with some historical displays and a hiking trail.</p><br>
<h2>Oyster culturing</h2><br>
<p>By 1875 oysters that were once abundant were no longer native to New England waters. Wild populations have been established in recent years by the spawn of aquaculture oysters.</p><br>
<p>Fort Edgecomb, built in 1808–1809, is a two-story octagonal wooden blockhouse with restored fortifications located on Davis Island in the town of Edgecomb, Lincoln County, Maine, United States. It is the centerpiece of the Fort Edgecomb State Historic Site. On 1 October 1969, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places, and on 22 December 1991 its boundaries were increased to create a historic district.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Fort Edgecomb is located on Davis Island, actually a peninsula jutting into the Sheepscot River across from the village center of Wiscasset. Davis Island is separated from the mainland by a short neck, and Fort Edgecomb is located at the island&#39;s southern end. Its most prominent feature is an eight-sided blockhouse, whose second floor is larger than its first, measuring 30 ft compared to 27 ft. The ground floor walls have loopholes through which muskets could be fired, while the upper level had portholes for firing cannons.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The fort was built as part of the second system of US fortifications, guarding the then-important port of Wiscasset, then one of the largest shipbuilding centers in New England. A war scare with the British over US trade with France during the Napoleonic Wars sparked the building of these forts, along with Thomas Jeffersons Embargo Act of 1807, which closed US ports and vessels to foreign trade. The forts construction was supervised by US Army engineer Moses Porter. Although the fort was built for defense, its first use (as with most of Maines second system forts) was to enforce the embargo. This embargo was not popular with Maines merchants, and it is said that one of two times Fort Edgecombs cannon were fired was in salute at James Madisons inauguration on 4 March 1809 (or, less tactfully, to celebrate his lifting of Jefferson&#39;s embargo). Eventually the War of 1812 broke out. The cannons were also fired on 14 February 1815, when word was received of peace with the British.</p><br>
<p>During the War of 1812, this post saw considerable activity, holding British prisoners of war, many of them brought to Wiscasset harbor by American privateers. In 1814, Fort Edgecomb became an important base in defending against a possible British attack on mid-coast Maine. It remained manned until 1818, and was reactivated during the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>The Friends of Fort Edgecomb celebrated the bicentennial of the fort on 13 June 2009, on the grounds of the fort.</p><br>
<p>Jefferson College, in Washington, Mississippi, was founded as an all-male college but operated primarily as a college preparatory school and later military boarding school during most of its history. Named in honor of Thomas Jefferson, the college was chartered in 1802, but did not begin operation until 1811.</p><br>
<p>Due to declining enrollment and financial difficulties, the facility closed in 1964. The historic campus was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, and was designated a Mississippi Landmark in 1985. The site is operated as an historic museum and park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Development</h3><br>
<p>Chartered on May 13, 1802, by the General Assembly of the Mississippi Territory, Jefferson College was the first institution of higher learning in Mississippi. It opened in 1811 with 15 students, as a preparatory school, under the name Washington Academy—a one-room, wood-frame structure, built on the college property. The first permanent buildings, constructed of brick, were completed in 1820. By 1840, Jefferson College offered the degrees of Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts.</p><br>
<h3>Military emphasis</h3><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, Jefferson College was closed. After the end of the war, the buildings were used by the Freedmens Bureau to aid transition to a society of free labor. In November 1865, the schools Board of Trustees regained control of the facility. The institution reopened in 1866 as a preparatory school and continued as such until it closed in 1964.</p><br>
<p>Between 1872 and 1911, under the tenure of Superintendent J.S. Raymond, the college had its longest interval of stable governance, with increased enrollment. By 1893, the institution had been reorganized as a military school, taking the name Jefferson Military College. Instruction was entirely secondary education. Early in the 20th century, dormitories were built to accommodate more recruits. By the late 1930s, enrollment had increased to about 100 students.</p><br>
<h3>Decline</h3><br>
<p>Following World War II, declining student enrollment, low tuition, and lack of external funding caused financial hardship for Jefferson College. After 150 years of operation and unable to pay its debts, the facility closed in May 1964. In 1965, all buildings and lands owned by Jefferson College were conveyed to the State of Mississippi in exchange for discharging the school&#39;s debts.</p><br>
<p>In 1971, Jefferson College was placed under administrative control of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History (MDAH). Detailed plans were developed for preserving the historic buildings, and restoration work began in the mid-1970s. In 1977, Jefferson College was opened to the public as a State Historic Site.</p><br>
<h2>Historic buildings</h2><br>
<p>Three buildings, constructed during the 19th century, are contributing resources for the Jefferson College National Historic District:</p><br>
<p>The East Wing, completed in 1820, was the first permanent college building. It is a 3-story, brick building constructed in Federal architectural style with a 5-bay facade. School rooms and the library were located on the first floor of the East Wing. Student dormitory rooms were located on the second and third floors, as well as in the attic.</p><br>
<p>The Presidents House is a two-story, wood-frame home that was constructed around 1830 for John Branch and later acquired by Dr. John Inge. The house was located on property adjacent to Jefferson College and was purchased by the college from Dr. Inge in 1842, for use as the college superintendents residence. In the mid-1970s, MDAH renovated the structure to serve as the residence for the Director of Historic Jefferson College.</p><br>
<p>The West Wing was completed in 1839, with the same exterior design as the East Wing. The college mess hall was on the first floor of the West Wing, and the building was also used for faculty apartments and administrative offices.</p><br>
<p>Jefferson College campus includes five other historic buildings constructed during the 19th and 20th centuries:</p><br>
<p>The Steward&#39;s Building is a 2-story brick structure completed in 1839. It was used for storage and as lodging for the steward and kitchen staff, who were originally enslaved African-American workers.</p><br>
<p>The East Kitchen is a 2-story brick structure completed in 1839. It was the primary cooking area for Jefferson College and staffed by slaves.</p><br>
<p>Raymond Hall is a 2-story brick building constructed in 1915 to serve as a student dormitory. It was damaged by fires in 1940, 1943, and 1947, but was repaired after each incident. As part of the state historic site, Raymond Hall is used as a classroom and public program area.</p><br>
<p>Prospere Hall was constructed in 1931 as a dormitory for younger students. The building houses administrative offices and serves as the visitor&#39;s center and museum for Historic Jefferson College.</p><br>
<p>Carpenter Hall was constructed in 1937 as a student dormitory, but in later years it also contained faculty apartments. As part of Historic Jefferson College, Carpenter Hall is mainly used for storage.</p><br>
<h2>Historic events at Jefferson College</h2><br>
<p>In January 1807, acting Governor Cowles Mead of the Mississippi Territory suspected Aaron Burr of a conspiracy to separate regions of Mississippi and Louisiana from the United States and ordered the territorial militia to capture Burr to stand trial for treason. In February 1807, a grand jury convened on the grounds of Jefferson College and found Burr not guilty of any crime or misdemeanor against the United States.</p><br>
<p>Between 1802 and 1817, Washington, Mississippi, was the capital of the Mississippi Territory, and the General Assembly of the territory often met in a tavern, known as Assembly Hall, which was located adjacent to Jefferson College. Assembly Hall was destroyed by fire in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Between July 7 and August 17, 1817, the Mississippi Statehood Convention was held in a Methodist church on property adjacent to Jefferson College. Over time, the church building deteriorated and was no longer standing by the mid-1870s.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>Albert Gallatin Brown, Governor of Mississippi (1844 to 1848)</p><br>
<p>John Francis Hamtramck Claiborne, a member of the U. S. House of Representatives from Mississippi</p><br>
<p>William Mackenzie Davidson, planter and mayor of St. Joseph, Louisiana, from 1901 until his accidental death in 1930</p><br>
<p>Jefferson Davis, president, Confederate States of America</p><br>
<p>Pete Heine, Louisiana politician</p><br>
<p>Prentiss Ingraham, Confederate military officer and writer</p><br>
<p>Clyde V. Ratcliff, member of the Louisiana State Senate from 1944 to 1948</p><br>
<h2>Jefferson College historic site</h2><br>
<p>As a historic site, several buildings are open to the public. These include the West Wing, the kitchen buildings, and Prospere Hall. The T.J. Foster Nature Trails wind though an old-growth hardwood forest over distances of 0.5 mi to 0.9 mi.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Jefferson College was a location site for the films:</p><br>
<p>The Horse Soldiers,</p><br>
<p>North and South (serving as the USA Military Academy of West Point),</p><br>
<p>Huckleberry Finn (1974 film),</p><br>
<p>The Adventures of Huck Finn.</p><br>
<p>The Harrington Meeting House is a historic colonial meeting house at 278 Harrington Road in Bristol, Maine. Built in 1772 and moved to its present site in 1775, it is one of the town&#39;s original three meeting houses. It contains a small museum of old photographs, clothing, and books. The adjoining cemetery has gravestones of historical interest. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Harrington Meetinghouse in 1970.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When Bristol was settled the land area was larger than today and the distance required to travel to the meeting house was such that three meeting houses were built to serve the Presbyterian population, the others being at Broad Cove (destroyed) and the Walpole Meetinghouse. The framing for the Harrington meeting house was originally erected in the village of Bristol Mills in 1772 but was "pulled down" and re-erected at the head of John&#39;s Bay in 1773. Bristol voters accepted all three meeting houses in 1775.</p><br>
<p>In about 1850 the building was moved several hundred yards to its current location and the interior altered. The interior was made into a "back to" or "reverse plan" arrangement which means the entry doors are behind the pulpit. The windows and doors were changed and a cove, plaster ceiling installed. John Johnston&#39;s A History of Bristol and Bremen indicated that the original meeting house had been destroyed, but in 1960 Ilonka Fertig spearheaded a repair of the existing meeting house only to find evidence the building was the original meeting house from 1772. By 1970 they mostly restored the building to its original configuration, but the pews were left out of the gallery which now houses museum displays and the plaster ceiling was left out to allow a view of the unusual roof framing.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The roof framing consists of king post trusses with a double top chord (or top chord and rafter). This type of king post truss is rare but other examples have been noted in such as in the 1714 Lynnfield, Massachusetts meeting house, 1800 Congregational Church in Windham, Vermont, and the 1799 Strafford, Vermont meeting house.</p><br>
<p>Traeth Coch  is a wide sandy bay and an area of outstanding natural beauty on the east coast of the island of Anglesey in Wales. The bay is also known in English as Red Wharf Bay and lies between the villages of Pentraeth and Benllech. It is also close to Castell Mawr Rock, thought to be the site of an Iron Age fort.</p><br>
<p>Red Wharf Bay beach itself has an immense expanse of sand; at low tide almost 10 square miles of sand is uncovered. The sand and the sea life disappears beneath the waves twice a day and reappears just a few hours later.</p><br>
<h2>Village</h2><br>
<p>The village of Red Wharf Bay is situated on the western shore of the bay. It is small but perfectly formed. The village is linked to Benllech and Pentraeth via the Anglesey Coastal Path. Red Wharf Bay offers convenient places to to eat or drink, with three restaurants—The Tavern on the Bay, The Ship Inn, and The Boathouse—all boasting stunning views of the bay.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>The bay attracts an abundance or wildlife, including a large number of waterfowl and wading birds, such as oystercatchers, shelduck, purple sandpipers, curlew and dunlin. The bay is bordered by salt marshes and sand dunes. Some of these dunes are rich in shell fragments that support the flora common to lime-rich areas, including the pyramidal orchid.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>Each year the Red Wharf Bay Sailing Club Anglesey Offshore Dinghy Race takes place from Beaumaris to Traeth Bychan. The 14 mi race runs up the Menai Strait and down the Anglesey coast.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There was once a railway line which terminated at the bay, the Red Wharf Bay branch line, which left the Anglesey Central Railway at Pentre Berw. Also, the beach was the birthplace of the Land Rover.</p><br>
<p>Drosia  is a suburban town in Attica, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Dionysos, of which it is a municipal unit.</p><br>
<p>Drosia is a mainly residential suburb, known for its location in the midst of evergreen pine forests. During the extreme heat of Greek summers, many Athenians drive up to Drosia on the weekends, seeking cool and shade in the taverns, cafes and one outdoor cinema theater, for which the area is known.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Drosia is situated in the hills in the northeastern part of the Athens conurbation, at about 370 m elevation. The municipal unit has an area of 2.201 km. It lies at the northwestern foot of the Penteliko Mountain. It is 1 km southwest of Stamata, 3 km northeast of Ekali, 3 km south of Agios Stefanos and 19 km northeast of Athens city centre. Its built-up area is continuous with those of the neighbouring suburbs Stamata, Rodopoli, Dionysos and Ekali. Greek National Road 83 (Athens - Marathon - Rafina) passes through Drosia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A former rural village, Drosia started growing with the arrival of refugees from Pontus after the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922. Originally named Rossochori, it was renamed to Drosia in 1947. It was part of the community of Stamata until 1950, when it became a separate community.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>The Adamello-Presanella Alps Alpine group is a mountain range in the Southern Limestone Alps mountain group of the Eastern Alps. It is located in northern Italy, in the provinces of Trentino and Brescia. The name stems from its highest peaks: Adamello and Presanella.</p><br>
<p>The Adamello-Presanella Group is separated from the Ortler Alps in the north by the Tonale Pass; from the Bergamo Alps in the west by the Oglio valley (Val Camonica); from the Brenta Group in the east by the Campo Carlo Magno Pass and the river Sarca; to the south it continues towards Lake Iseo.</p><br>
<h2>Peaks</h2><br>
<p>The main peaks of the Adamello-Presanella Group are:</p><br>
<h2>Passes</h2><br>
<p>The main mountain passes of the Adamello-Presanella Group are:</p><br>
<p>The Sloan–Parker House  is a late 18th-century stone residence near Junction, Hampshire County, in the USA state of West Virginia. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 5, 1975, becoming Hampshire County&#39;s first property to be listed on the register. The Sloan–Parker House has been in the Parker family since 1854 and is currently the residence of David Renick Parker and his wife Jill Parker. The house and its adjacent farm are located along the Northwestern Turnpike  in rural Mill Creek valley.</p><br>
<p>The present-day location of the Sloan–Parker House was part of the Northern Neck Proprietary, a large tract that was inherited by Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron in 1719. The original fieldstone section of the house was erected around 1790 for Richard Sloan and his wife Charlotte Van Horn Sloan. Originally from Ireland, Sloan arrived to the Thirteen Colonies after the American Revolutionary War and became an indentured servant under David Van Horn. Sloan ran away and eloped with Van Horn&#39;s daughter Charlotte and they settled in the Mill Creek valley where they built the original "Stone House" of the Sloan–Parker House. The Sloans had ten children, including John and Thomas Sloan who each represented Hampshire County in the Virginia House of Delegates. Richard Sloan and his family operated a successful weaving business from the Stone House and their Sloan counterpanes became well-known.</p><br>
<p>The Sloan family sold the Stone House and 900 acres to three brothers in the Parker family in 1854. The Parker family operated a stagecoach line on the Moorefield and North Branch Turnpike stage line between the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) Main Line at Green Spring and Moorefield, with a stop at the Stone House where the family served meals to travelers. During the American Civil War, the Stone House was utilized by both Union and Confederate forces, and was ransacked and visited by Union troops for goods and supplies. The Stone House served as a local polling station, and its use as a stagecoach stop ceased after the completion of the Hampshire Southern Railroad in 1910.</p><br>
<p>The Sloan–Parker House, as of 2017, consists of the original stone section (built ), which faces toward the Northwestern Turnpike, and a wooden frame addition (built c. 1900) positioned perpendicular to the original stone section. The stone sections exterior wall is about 36 in thick at the basement level and tapers to a thickness of about 12 in at the attic level. The attic rafters contain markings which assisted in the proper placement of structural components as they were lifted from the ground during construction. The majority of the stone sections flooring and hardware on the doors are original. Other features of the Sloan–Parker House property include a large barn (built in 1803) and the Sloan–Ludwick Cemetery to the house&#39;s northeast.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and setting</h2><br>
<p>The Sloan–Parker House and its adjacent farm are located along the Northwestern Turnpike (concurrently USA Route 50 and West Virginia Route 28) approximately 0.75 mi east of the unincorporated community of Junction (also known as Moorefield Junction). Junction is centered around and named for the intersection of Purgitsville Pike (concurrently USA Route 220 and WV 28) with the Northwestern Turnpike (concurrently US 50 and US 220 westward to Knobly Mountain and concurrently US 50 and WV 28 eastward to Romney).</p><br>
<p>The Sloan–Parker House is located atop a hill slope to the immediate south of the Northwestern Turnpike. Mill Creek flows west-to-east approximately 575 ft to the north of the house. An unnamed ephemeral stream is located to the immediate west of the house and joins Mill Creek to the north. Mill Creek continues east through the Mechanicsburg Gap in Mill Creek Mountain at Mechanicsburg and joins the South Branch Potomac River.</p><br>
<p>The house and its farm are situated within a rural, agricultural section of the Mill Creek valley in southwestern Hampshire County. Patterson Creek Mountain, a forested anticlinal mountain ridge, rises to the west of Mill Creek valley, and the forested western rolling foothills of the anticlinal Mill Creek Mountain rise to the valley&#39;s east. The South Branch Potomac River is located across Mill Creek Mountain, approximately 4.4 mi to the east of the house.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Background</h3><br>
<p>The Mill Creek valley and the land upon which the Sloan–Parker House is located were originally part of the Northern Neck Proprietary, a land grant that the exiled Charles II awarded to seven of his supporters in 1649 during the English Interregnum. Following the Restoration in 1660, Charles II finally ascended to the English throne. Charles II renewed the Northern Neck Proprietary grant in 1662, revised it in 1669, and again renewed the original grant favoring original grantee Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper and Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington in 1672. In 1681, Bennet sold his share to Lord Colepeper, and Lord Colepeper received a new charter for the entire land grant from James II in 1688. Following the deaths of Lord Colepeper, his wife Margaret, and his daughter Katherine, the Northern Neck Proprietary passed to Katherine&#39;s son Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron in 1719.</p><br>
<p>As conflicts with Native Americans began to ease, Lord Fairfax sought to entice European settlers to inhabit the sparsely populated western lands of his Northern Neck Proprietary. The Mill Creek valley was one of the first areas of present-day Hampshire County to be settled by Europeans, beginning in the mid-18th century. Early settlers were drawn by the valley&#39;s fertility. Jeb Parker, a direct ancestor of the Parker family that later acquired the Sloan–Parker House, settled in the Mill Creek valley during this period.</p><br>
<h3>Sloan family ownership</h3><br>
<p>The original fieldstone section of the Sloan–Parker House was erected around 1790 for Richard Sloan and his wife Charlotte Van Horn Sloan. Richard Sloan was originally from County Monaghan, Ulster, Ireland. During their brief stay in Baltimore, they encountered fat cattle from Old Fields in Hardy County and decided to relocate there. On their journey to Old Fields, Sloan and his wife arrived in Romney and chose to settle in Hampshire County instead. They later moved 7 mi southwest of Romney to their property in the Mill Creek valley on which the Sloan–Parker House stands today.</p><br>
<p>To construct the two-story Stone House, Sloan and his wife hired laborers to quarry the native fieldstone and lay the stonework. They paid each of their laborers a wage of 6½ cents per day of labor. Richard and Charlotte Sloan had ten children together (four girls and six boys) and the large house afforded them sufficient space to raise them. The sizable house also provided the family with the necessary space to engage in the manufacture of woven goods. Sloan was a fabric weaver by trade, and he and his family developed a thriving weaving industry on their lands in the Mill Creek valley. Their entire production process was initially accomplished inside the Stone House until Sloan erected a separate loom house. There, he and his sons built and operated six looms. On their farm, Sloan and his family raised their own sheep, grew flax, and they sourced flax and raw wool from local residents. The majority of the Sloan familys woven products were sold locally and their Sloan counterpanes became well-known. The familys trade in woolen and linens thrived until the middle of the 19th century. The present Parker family occupants of the Sloan–Parker House retain several woven coverlets produced by the Sloans.</p><br>
<p>According to Sloan family tradition, Richard and Charlotte Sloan used a method of casting lots to decide which of their ten children should marry. Their youngest son James won a contest in drawing straws, and was the only one of their ten children to marry when he wed Magdaline Arnold on January 6, 1834. James and his wife Magdaline operated the Sloan household while the other members attended to their family&#39;s weaving business.</p><br>
<p>Two of Richard and Charlotte Sloan&#39;s sons, John and Thomas, were active in the military and in local and state politics. John Sloan also served as a justice of Hampshire County from 1824 until 1828, a surveyor of Hampshire County in 1827, a sheriff of Hampshire County in 1839, and a member of the Virginia House of Delegates representing Hampshire County from 1825 to 1827. Thomas Sloan represented Hampshire County in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1832 to 1834 and again from 1835 to 1837.</p><br>
<h3>Parker family ownership</h3><br>
<p>The Sloan family sold the Stone House and 900 acres of surrounding land to brothers John Peyton Parker, Benjamin Parker, and William Parker on December 29, 1854 for a sum of $4,000. Following its acquisition by the Parker brothers, the Stone House continued as the center of a large farm.</p><br>
<p>Because of its convenient location along the Northwestern Turnpike, the house served as a regional stagecoach stop and local polling place. From the early 19th century until the completion of the Hampshire Southern Railroad to Petersburg in 1910, this stretch of the Northwestern Turnpike between Romney and Junction was part of a major north–south transportation route connecting Cumberland and Romney with Moorefield and Petersburg to the south. By 1845, the Moorefield and North Branch Turnpike stage line connected the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) Main Line at Green Spring with the north–south route in Springfield, thus allowing stagecoach transportation between Green Spring and Moorefield. The route of present-day WV 28 aligns with this north–south route from the Maryland state line at Wiley Ford to Petersburg, and is concurrent with the Northwestern Turnpike (US 50) from Romney to Junction and US 220 from Junction to Petersburg.</p><br>
<p>The Parker family operated their own stagecoach line along the Moorefield and North Branch Turnpike between the B&O Main Line at Green Spring and Moorefield until the B&O South Branch Line was completed to Romney Depot in 1884. The Parkers stagecoach line transported passengers down present-day Green Spring Road (CR 1), Cumberland Road (WV 28), and the Northwestern Turnpike (US 50/WV 28) to the Stone House, where the lines stagecoaches would stop for meals before continuing the journey to Moorefield via present-day US 220/WV 28. When the stagecoaches arrived at the Stone House, a loud horn would sound to announce its arrival, and then meals were provided to the travelers in the basement kitchen and dining areas (or "keeping rooms"). Travelers&#39; horses and other stock were watered and fed outside the basement door. In addition to their stagecoach line, the Parker family operated a toll house on the Northwestern Turnpike on the west side of its crossing of the South Branch Potomac River, approximately 4.3 mi northeast of the Stone House.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, the Stone House was utilized by both Union and Confederate forces due to its location along the Northwestern Turnpike. Union Army troops ransacked and frequently visited the Stone House and retrieved goods and supplies from the house and farm as they traveled along the Northwestern Turnpike. Despite its convenient location and the Parker family&#39;s Confederate sympathies, the Stone House and its farm did not suffer major destruction during the war. The Federal government later reimbursed the Parker family for the items appropriated by the Union forces during the war. The Parkers were provided with bills annotating the "purchase" of $162.45 in goods and parts during the years 1862, 1863, and 1864. These bills exist today and are in the possession of the Parker family. Extant records also indicate that the Parker family also sold farm goods to Confederate forces.</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Parker married Isabel "Belle" Parker, and they had two sons together: Renick Seymour Parker and John Henry Parker Sr. Renick died at the age of 27 years. John Henry Parker Sr. married Eleanor DuBois Johnson and she had the wooden frame section added to the Stone House around 1900. Following the addition of the wooden frame section, the Sloan–Parker House took its current form. After Eleanor Parker&#39;s died, her husband John Henry Sr. married Kate Parker.</p><br>
<p>The Sloan–Parker House occasionally served as a polling place for the Junction community after 1900 and it ceased being used as a stagecoach stop following the completion of the Hampshire Southern Railroad in 1910.</p><br>
<p>By 1962, John Henry Sr. and Kate Parkers son John Henry Parker Jr. was residing at the Sloan–Parker House with his wife Ruth Harmison Parker and their son David Renick Parker. While under their ownership and through their efforts, the Sloan–Parker House was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 5, 1975. It became Hampshire Countys first property to be listed on the register.</p><br>
<p>Ruth Harmison Parker was a local historian and member of the Hampshire County Historical Society, and she and her husband opened the Sloan–Parker House for tours in 1962 John Henry Parker Jr. died in 2000, and his wife Ruth died in 2005. Emily Parker, and John David Parker.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Sloan–Parker House, as of 2017, consists of the original stone section (built c. 1790), which faces toward the Northwestern Turnpike, and a wooden frame addition (built c. 1900) positioned perpendicular to the original stone section. Together, the stone section and the frame addition form a T-shaped structure. The original stone section of the house was built of fieldstone has remained mostly unchanged since its initial construction; however, slight alterations were made to accommodate the frame addition. Similarly, the frame addition has only undergone minor modifications since its construction.</p><br>
<h3>Stone section</h3><br>
<p>The Sloan–Parker House derives its other name as the "Stone House" from this original section of the house. The stone section was built using locally available materials, and its size was likely considered large for its time. It is rectangular in its plan and measures approximately 45 ft in width and 40 ft in depth. The stone section is symmetrical in its overall interior and exterior design with minor exceptions in its basement. It consists of two stories, one basement level, and an attic. The stone section is topped with a steep metal gabled roof with standing seam profiles. The stone section&#39;s exterior wall is about 36 in thick at the basement level and tapers to a thickness of about 12 in at the attic level.</p><br>
<p>The north elevation (main façade) has three bays on its first and second stories and one window in the western room of its basement level. Three six-over-nine double-hung wooden sash windows are on the second story, two nine-over-one double-hung wooden sash windows are on the first story, and one small window with two sliding panels of four panes each is on the basement level. At the center of the north elevation, a tall stone platform reaches from the ground to the first story and supports a large covered porch framed with wooden handrails and balustrades on its north and west sides. The porchs roof is supported by five square wooden columns: three along the north edge and two engaged columns against the houses stone exterior. The porch is topped with a metal roof with standing seam profiles. The front door, located between the first storys two large windows, features vertical boards on its exterior side and horizontal boards on its interior side. The front door is topped by a four-pane transom window, as is the old rear door on the stone sections south elevation.</p><br>
<p>The east and west elevations of the stone section are similar in design; however, the west elevation has a door and large porch at the basement level and a small one-over-one double-hung wooden sash window on the first story toward the front of the house. This window was added after the wooden frame section was added to the original stone section around 1900. The stone section&#39;s east elevation features a small porch and a door on the north end of the first floor, which was added around 1915. The porch is topped with a metal roof with standing seam profiles, and is supported by three wooden Tuscan columns and two square wooden engaged columns against the house. Both the east and west elevations of the stone section have an interior fieldstone chimney. At the top of each chimney, the original fieldstone was replaced with brick. Each chimney is centered between two small two-over-four double-hung wooden sash windows at the attic level.</p><br>
<p>The south elevation (rear façade) of the stone section remains intact, and serves as the northern wall of the wooden frame section. A window in the stone sections second story was removed to connect the second story of the wooden frame addition. Likewise, the stone sections rear door on the first story connects the first floor of the stone section with the wooden frame section.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the stone section contains two floors; each with two rooms. The former kitchen and dining room (or "keeping rooms") are on the west side of the basement level, and feature a large fireplace. This fireplace, along with an outdoor summer kitchen, was used for cooking. The east side of the basement serves as a large storage area. The two rooms on the first floor formerly served as bedrooms, but they are now used as formal living and sitting rooms. The first floor originally had one fireplace on the east side, but the design was changed around 1915 to allow for a fireplace on the west side as well. The second story consists of two bedrooms, each with a fireplace. The attic is completely open from west to east. The rafters are exposed, and secured together with wooden pins. They contain markings of letters and numbers which enabled the proper placement of components as they were lifted from the ground during construction. The majority of the stone section&#39;s flooring and hardware on the doors are original.</p><br>
<h3>Wooden frame section</h3><br>
<p>The wooden frame section of the Sloan–Parker House features various sizes and types of doors and windows. A deep porch adjoins the east and south elevations of the frame section, and reaches to a canted three-bay window on the frame section&#39;s west side. The entire frame section is covered with wooden shingles and is topped with a steep metal roof with standing seam profiles. The interior of the frame section consists of a dining room, kitchen, bathroom, and several bedrooms.</p><br>
<h3>Ancillary structures</h3><br>
<p>Ancillary structures on the Sloan–Parker House farm consist of an old log smokehouse and a large barn erected in 1803. Widely-spaced unhewn logs are located within the barn&#39;s interior and on its south elevation. The remainder of the barn is enclosed with wooden framing. There are also several other barns and storage buildings on the property.</p><br>
<h2>Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>The Sloan–Ludwick Cemetery is approximately 415 ft northeast of the Sloan–Parker House, and is located in a grove of trees at the edge of an agricultural field. Richard Sloan and his wife Charlotte Van Horn Sloan are interred in this cemetery. Other burials in the cemetery include Richard Sloan&#39;s son, War of 1812 veteran Major General John Sloan, and American Revolutionary War soldier Leonard Ludwick and his wife Katherine. Benjamin Parker and some of his descendants were buried in this cemetery before they were reinterred at Indian Mound Cemetery in Romney.</p><br>
<p>Anoixi  is a suburban town in East Attica, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Dionysos, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 4.582 km.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Anoixi is situated in the hills in the northeastern part of the Athens conurbation, at about 370 m elevation. It lies east of the Parnitha mountains and northwest of the Penteliko Mountain. It is 1 km south of Agios Stefanos, 9 km west of Marathon and 20 km northeast of Athens city centre. Its built-up area is continuous with those of the neighbouring suburbs Agios Stefanos, Drosia and Stamata.</p><br>
<p>Motorway 1 (Athens - Lamia - Thessaloniki) and the railway from Athens to Thessaloniki pass west of the town. Greek National Road 83 (Athens - Marathon - Rafina) passes through Anoixi.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Uzungöl  is a lake situated to the south of the city of Trabzon, in the Çaykara district of Trabzon Province, Turkey. Uzungöl is also the name of the village on the lakes coast. Over the years, the picturesque lake, its village and the surrounding valley have become popular tourist attractions. The lake is at a distance of 99 km from Trabzons city center, and 19 km from Çaykara&#39;s district center. It was formed by a landslide, which transformed the stream bed into a natural dam, in the valley of the Haldizen Stream.</p><br>
<p>The area is most famous for its natural environment. Located in a valley between high rising mountains, the lake and village at first appear inaccessible. The surrounding mountain forests and fog, occasionally enveloping the lake at night, also add to the scenery.</p><br>
<p>The tourist boom of the recent years has attracted investors, who opened a number of hotels, restaurants, and souvenir shops in the village. The transport infrastructure has also been improved. In 2008, the government built a concrete barrier along the lake&#39;s shoreline, so that its waves would not wet the coastal roads around it. This has triggered protests by the locals, as well as ecologists concerned with environmental damage, who stated that it has turned the lake into a giant artificial pool.</p><br>
<p>The Okinotori Islands is a Japanese uninhabited atoll with a total area of 8,482 m&sup2;. Its dry land area is mostly made up by three concrete encasings and there is a 100 by platform in the lagoon housing a research station. It is located on the Palau-Kyushu Ridge in the Philippine Sea, 534 km southeast of Oki Daitō and 567 km west-southwest of Minami Iwo Jima of the Ogasawara Islands or 1,740 km south of Tokyo, Japan. The atoll is the southernmost part of Japan and the only Japanese territory in the tropics.</p><br>
<p>Japan claims the atoll is significant enough for Japan to have a 200 nautical mile (370.4 km) exclusive economic zone (EEZ) around the atoll, but the People&#39;s Republic of China, South Korea, and the Republic of China (Taiwan) dispute the Japanese EEZ saying that the atoll does not meet the definition of an island under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The English meaning of the name is "remote bird islands".</p><br>
<p>The atoll has multiple designations in English (Okinotori coral reefs, Okinotori Islands). Its original name was Parece Vela, Spanish for "it looks like a sail" (alluding to the original appearance of the reef). This name has been retained in English as well, especially to designate the geological formations of the islets.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was possibly first sighted by the Spanish sailor Bernardo de la Torre in 1543, certainly by Miguel López de Legazpi in 1565, and its first recorded name was Parece Vela ("looks like a sail" in Spanish).</p><br>
<p>In 1789, William Douglas arrived with the British ship Iphigenia and, in 1790, the place was named Douglas Reef (also spelled Douglass Reef). The existence of the atoll might not have been known by the Japanese until 1888. In 1922 and 1925, the Japanese navy ship Manshu investigated the area. In 1931, confirming that no other countries had claimed the reefs, Japan declared it Japanese territory, placing it under the jurisdiction of the Tokyo Metropolis, classifying it as part of the Ogasawara Village, and naming it Okinotorishima.</p><br>
<p>During 1939 and 1941 a foundation was completed for "a lighthouse and a meteorological observation site" but construction was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II. After Japan&#39;s defeat, the United States assumed sovereignty over the Ogasawara islands, and returned authority over the islands to Japan in 1968.</p><br>
<p>Between 1987 and 1993 the government of Tokyo and later the central government built steel breakwaters and concrete walls to stop the erosion of Okinotorishima, which today leaves only three of the five rocks that were present in 1939 above water; in 1988 the Japan Marine Science and Technology Center built a marine investigation facility which it has since maintained following typhoon damage. The facility also doubles as an EEZ observation post for the Maritime Bureau of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, being equipped with radar and various other sensors to help monitor activity in the zone.</p><br>
<p>On March 16, 2007, a light beacon was installed by the Japan Coast Guard. The beacon is plotted on the hydrographic chart.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Geologically, the islets are a coral atoll, built on the Kyushu-Palau Ridge, the westernmost part of the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc System. The name "Parece Vela" has been given to the extinct back-arc basin that lies immediately to the east (the northern half of this back-arc basin is known as the Shikoku Basin). This back-arc basin was formed by seafloor spreading between the late Oligocene and Miocene. The Parece Vela Basin contains the longest megamullion in the world. The original Spanish name of the islets is normally used for the geological formations, hence, Parece Vela megamullion, Parece Vela ridge, Parece Vela rift or Parece Vela basin.</p><br>
<p>The waters around the reefs are potentially rich in oil and other mineral and fisheries resources and it lies in an area of potential military significance. At high tide, one area of the reefs is 1.58 m&sup2, roughly the size of a twin bed, and pokes just 7.4 cm out of the ocean. The other is 7.86 m&sup2, the size of a small bedroom, and rises 16 cm, about twice as high. The entire reef consists of approximately 7.8 km&sup2, most of which is submerged even at low tide.</p><br>
<p>The area has three tiny individual islets:</p><br>
<p>Higashi-Kojima (東小島, "Eastern Islet")</p><br>
<p>Kita-Kojima (北小島, "Northern Islet"), nevertheless rather in the "West"</p><br>
<p>Minami-Kojima (南小島, "Southern Islet")</p><br>
<p>Minami-Kojima is a completely artificial islet created in shallow water. But also the two original islets appear completely artificial today, with little if any trace of the two natural rocks that still appear on photographs of 1987. In 1925, there were still five above-water rocks, which have eroded since. A report from 1947 mentions five above-water rocks. Three smaller ones were on the west side, nearly impossible to see from seaward because of the breaking waves. The larger rocks on the southwest side and on the northeast side, possibly Kita-Kojima and Higashi-Kojima, were reported to be 0.6 and high, respectively. The original rocks appeared barren, obviously without any terrestrial vegetation. The current artificial dry land areas with their concrete surfaces appear unfit to support terrestrial vegetation either.</p><br>
<p>After concrete encasing, each of the islets appears as a circle with a diameter of 60 meters (196 ft) on detailed satellite images, which would correspond to a land area—albeit mostly artificial—of 2,827 m&sup2; per islet, or 8,482 m&sup2; in total. In addition, there is a platform on stilts in the shallow part of the lagoon 140 m east-northeast of the southern islet, built by the Japan Marine Science and Technology Center in 1988, which appears as a rectangle of 100 by. The platform has a helicopter landing pad and a large three-story building with a marine investigation facility and a meteorological station.</p><br>
<p>The rocks are in the western part of a lagoon surrounded by a submerged coral reef, over which the waves break, and that extends 4.5 km east-west and 1.7 km north-south, with an area of roughly 5 km² within the rim of the reef. The lagoon is 3 to 4.6 meters deep, but there are numerous coral heads of lesser depths throughout the area. The fringing reef of the atoll is pear-shaped in an east-west direction with its greatest width at the eastern end. There is a small boat channel into the lagoon in the southwest, about 15 m wide and 6 m deep, 250 m southeast of the artificial islet.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>Administratively, the island is considered part of Ogasawara village, Tokyo. In 1939, the construction of a Naval Base was started by Japan, but suspended in 1941, at the start of the World War II hostilities in the Pacific.</p><br>
<p>Typhoons are constant threats to Okinotori&#39;s existence. In the 1970s there were about five or six visible protrusions, but by 1989, only two were visible.</p><br>
<p>In order to prevent the island from submersion caused by erosion and maintain its claim to the EEZ, the Japanese government launched an embankment building project in 1987, and Higashikojima and Kitakojima were surrounded by concrete. Japan has encased the reefs with $280 million worth of concrete and covered the smaller one with a $50 million titanium net to shield it from debris thrown up by the ocean&#39;s waves. The Japanese government has spent over $600 million fortifying the reefs to prevent them from being completely washed away.</p><br>
<p>Furthermore, the Nippon Foundation has drawn plans to build a lighthouse and increase the size of the reef by breeding microorganisms known as foraminifera. Creating land using the microorganisms could take decades to a century before the island is large enough to be useful.</p><br>
<p>Currently, Japan carries out maritime research and observation of the area, as well as repair work on the embankment.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the government installed a radar system (at the cost of ¥ 330 million), repaired a heliport, and placed an official address plaque saying, "1 Okinotori Island, Ogasawara Village, Tokyo" in Japanese. Fishing expeditions also support the claim of economic activity.</p><br>
<p>Former Tokyo Governor Shintaro Ishihara has talked of building a power station, despite protests by environmentalists. His government has helped fund expeditions to Okinotori by Japanese fishermen and scientists. Governor Ishihara himself toured the islands on May 20, 2005 to inspect the conservation and management efforts, went snorkeling to see firsthand the condition of the surrounding waters, and released Japanese horse mackerel fry to show support for the local fishing industry. The islands are an intermittent rallying point for Japanese nationalists, and, as such, a hot-button political issue in Japan.</p><br>
<h2>EEZ Dispute</h2><br>
<p>On 22 April 2004, Chinese diplomats stated during bilateral talks with Japan that they regarded Okinotorishima as an atoll, not an islet, and did not acknowledge Japan&#39;s claim to an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) stemming from Okinotorishima.</p><br>
<p>Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, an island is "a naturally formed area of land, surrounded by water, which is above water at high tide". It states that "rocks which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own shall have no exclusive economic zone." Japan signed the Convention in 1983; the Convention came into force in 1994–1996 for Japan.</p><br>
<p>Japan claims an EEZ over 400,000 square km (154,500 square miles) around Okinotorishima. China and South Korea dispute this claim in their addenda to the CLCS, saying the area only consists of rocks and not islands. Though neither China nor South Korea have territorial claims regarding Okinotorishima, but foreign policy analysts speculated that it wants to "investigate the surrounding seabed for submarine operations in case of military conflict involving the Republic of China (Taiwan)." Japan claims that rock is not defined in the Convention. Besides, the construction of port, lighthouse and power station may be used as a counterargument for PRC&#39;s claim regarding "sustain human habitation or economic life".</p><br>
<p>The territory lies at a militarily strategic point, midway between Taiwan and Guam, the latter where USA forces are based. Vessels of the PRC are believed to have been mapping the ocean&#39;s bottom over which USA warships might pass on their way to Taiwan. The PRC conducted four maritime surveys near the Okinotori coral reefs in 2001, two in 2002, and one in 2003. However, the number of such incidents rose to four in 2004. These incidents have drawn protests from Japan.</p><br>
<p>Jon Van Dyke, a law professor, has suggested that the situation is similar to the failed British attempt to claim an EEZ around Rockall, an uninhabited granite outcropping in the Atlantic Ocean. The UK eventually dropped its claim in the 1990s when other countries objected. Dr. Dyke has further asserted that it is impossible to make "a plausible claim that Okinotorishima should be able to generate a 200 -mile zone". Tadao Kuribayashi, another law professor, disagrees, arguing in part that rocks and reefs differ in composition and structure, and that the intent of the provision was geared toward the former.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, Japans arrest of a Taiwanese fishing ships crew led Taiwan to protest against Japan&#39;s claim of island status for Okinotori and by extension the EEZ.</p><br>
<p>The Minor Basilica of Saint Mary of the Immaculate Conception, located at 232 Chapel Street in downtown Norfolk, in southeastern Virginia is the oldest Roman Catholic parish community in the Diocese of Richmond. It is known locally as The Mother Church of Tidewater Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The church was built in 1857-1858, and is a rectangular stuccoed brick church. It features a centrally located, three-stage tower with spire. Also on the property is the contributing rectory. It is a three-story, rectangular brick building in the Late Gothic Revival style.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The associated Saint Mary&#39;s Catholic Cemetery was added in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The parish began in 1791 as Saint Patrick Church founded by French Catholics fleeing the French Revolution who were joined by some of the earliest Irish Catholic immigrants to the United States. St. Patrick&#39;s was the oldest parish in the Richmond Diocese and predated the formation of the diocese by 29 years.</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>The first church ediface was built in 1842, but was destroyed by fire in 1856. The present building was completed in 1858 and was rededicated under the title of the Blessed Virgin Mary of the Immaculate Conception in commemoration of the Marian dogma proclaimed in 1854 by Pope Pius IX.</p><br>
<p>Since it was in the Southern United States, the racially segregated Christian church was for whites only. Fr. Matthew O’Keefe initiated permitting African American Catholics to sit in an assigned portion of the choir loft for their use only. Local Know Nothing movement anti-Catholics threatened him unless the church instituted segregated Masses, which he refused. Thugs tried to intimidate white parishioners until Fr. O’Keefe obtained police protection. Diocesan records show that local Catholic families believed the Know Nothings ignited the fire that destroyed St. Patrick’s in 1856. "The Assumption," a painting donated by King Louis Philippe and Queen Amélie of France, fell victim to the flames.</p><br>
<p>The Josephite Fathers arrived in Norfolk from Richmond in 1889. By September of that year, the separate Saint Josephs Black Catholic parish was founded to serve the religious needs of the citys African American community.</p><br>
<h2>20th century</h2><br>
<p>In 1961, seventy-two years after its founding, Saint Josephs Black Catholic parish was clustered with Saint Mary of the Immaculate Conception. After an extensive renovation and restoration program, the newly renovated and restored edifice was rededicated on November 1, 1989. Today, St. Marys Catholic Church is ninety-nine percent African American congregants.</p><br>
<p>The parish formerly supported St. Mary Academy, an inner-city school that provided a Christian education to hundreds of urban children, most of whom were non-Catholic; however, circumstances forced the academy to close. The parish also operates a soup kitchen and provides other outreach to Norfolk&#39;s poor and homeless.</p><br>
<p>On the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the Church, December 8, 1991, Pope John Paul II proclaimed the Church of Saint Mary of the Immaculate Conception a minor basilica, the only one in the Commonwealth of Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The Elms is a large mansion, facetiously a "summer cottage", located at 367 Bellevue Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island, USA. The Elms was designed by architect Horace Trumbauer  for the coal baron Edward Julius Berwind , and was completed in 1901. Its design was copied from the Château d&#39;Asnières in Asnières-sur-Seine, France. The gardens and landscaping were created by C. H. Miller and E. W. Bowditch, working closely with Trumbauer. The Elms has been designated a National Historic Landmark and today is open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>The estate</h2><br>
<p>The estate was constructed from 1899 to 1901 and cost approximately 1.5 million dollars to build. Like most Newport estates of the Gilded Age, The Elms is constructed with a steel frame with brick partitions and a limestone facade.</p><br>
<p>On the first floor the estate has a grand ballroom, a salon, a dining room, a breakfast room, a library, a conservatory, and a grand hallway with a marble floor. The second floor contains bedrooms for the family and guests as well as a private sitting room. The third floor contains bedrooms for the indoor servants.</p><br>
<p>In keeping with the French architecture of the house, the grounds of The Elms, among the best in Newport, were designed in French eighteenth-century taste and include a sunken garden. The original American elms having succumbed to Dutch elm disease, the striking shade trees are now weeping beeches. On the edge of the property a large carriage house and stables were built, over which lived the stable keepers and gardeners. When the Berwind family began using automobiles, the carriage house and stables were converted into a large garage. The head coachman, in order to keep his job, became the family driver, but he could never learn to back up, so a large turntable had to be installed in the garage.</p><br>
<p>That structure was later replaced by a purpose built, two story 125 ft × 70 ft building of limestone. Constructed beginning in 1910, it was the largest private garage in America, and featured a central indoor track, and two integral gas tanks.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Berwind family started spending their summers in Newport in the 1890s. By 1898, it was clear that their original property (a small traditional beach cottage) was too small for the grand parties the Berwinds were having, and so they had the place torn down. Berwind hired Horace Trumbauer to build a much larger house, better fitting his status. Like many of the grandest summer residents of Newport, Edward Berwind was "new money" (his parents were middle-class German immigrants); by 1900 his friends included Theodore Roosevelt and Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany as well as many high-ranking government leaders from Europe and America. At this time Berwind was hailed as "one of the 58 men who rule America", making him one of Newport&#39;s most important summer residents.</p><br>
<p>Berwind was interested in technology, and The Elms was one of the first homes in America to be wired for electricity with no form of backup system. The house also included one of the first electrical ice makers. It was one of the most sophisticated houses of the time. When The Elms opened in 1901 the Berwinds held a huge party.</p><br>
<p>During the next 20 years, Berwind&#39;s wife, Sarah, would spend the summers there, the season being from the 4th of July to the end of August; Berwind would come out only on weekends, for his coal-mining interests kept him in New York during the week. Though the Berwinds had no children, their nephews and nieces would come out to visit on a regular basis.</p><br>
<p>On January 5, 1922, Mrs. Berwind died, and Edward asked his youngest sister Julia A. Berwind to move in and become the hostess of The Elms. In 1936, when he died, he willed the house to Julia, who, not being interested in technology, continued to run the house in the same way for the next twenty five years: washers and dryers were never installed at the Elms. Julia was well known in Newport. She would invite children from the nearby Fifth Ward (a working-class immigrant neighborhood) to the estate for milk and cookies. She had a love for cars and would drive around Newport every day in one of her luxury cars. This was somewhat shocking to the rest of Newport society, where it was considered unladylike for women to drive themselves. It was rumored that her social secretary would perform the "white glove test" to make sure there was no dust on the steering wheel before Julia got into the driver&#39;s seat.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In 1961 when Julia Berwind died, The Elms was one of the very last Newport cottages to be run in the fashion of the Gilded Age: forty servants were on staff, and Miss Berwind&#39;s social season remained at six weeks. Childless, Julia Berwind willed the estate to a nephew, who did not want it and fruitlessly tried to pass The Elms to someone else in the family. Finally the family auctioned off the contents of the estate and sold the property to a developer who wanted to tear it down. In 1962, just weeks before its date with the wrecking ball, The Elms was purchased by the Preservation Society of Newport County for $116,000. The price included the property along with adjacent guest houses. Since then, the house has been open to the public for tours. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1996.</p><br>
<p>In addition to a self-guided audio tour, The Elms offers a Servant Life Tour, which brings guests to the basement to view the coal-fired furnaces and the tunnel from which the coal is brought into the basement from a nearby street. The tour shows the lengths to which Mr. Berwind went to keep the servants out of view from guests on all floors of the mansion. Visitors on the Servant Life Tour view the laundry room, steamer trunk storage area, the giant circuit breaker box, ice-makers, galley, and wine cellar below the main floor, and climb the service staircase to the servants&#39; quarters on the third floor. The tour then proceeds out on the level tiled roof and a small aluminum platform, with a view of the rear lawn, shade trees and gardens, and the vista of Newport harbor in the distance.</p><br>
<p>Hollingworth Lake is a 130 acre reservoir at Smithy Bridge, in Littleborough — part of the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale, in Greater Manchester, England. The lake was originally built as the main water source for the Rochdale Canal, but developed as a tourist resort from the 1860s, and became known as the Weighver&#39;s Seaport. Hotels were built around it, at least two of which had outdoor dancing stages with gas lighting. Tourism was helped by the arrival of the railway in 1839, which brought day-trippers and weekend visitors from Manchester, Bradford and Leeds.</p><br>
<p>The popularity of the lake as a resort declined in the early twentieth century, and the area was used as an army camp during the First World War. The canal company sold the reservoir, with seven others, to the Oldham and Rochdale Corporations for water supply in 1923, by which time the canal was in terminal decline. After the Second World War, boating rights were bought by Rochdale Council, who developed the area into the Hollingworth Lake Country Park in 1974. There has been a steady increase in facilities since, and it is now a thriving centre for water sports and other activities.</p><br>
<p>The lake was used for training by Captain Matthew Webb, before he became the first man to swim the English Channel in 1875, and was used for the "World Professional Mile Championship", a long-distance swimming event, in the 1880s. It is home to the Hollingworth Lake Rowing Club, which has been in continuous existence since 1872.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1794, an Act of Parliament sanctioned the construction of the Rochdale Canal. Hollingworth Lake with its three earth dams was a main feeder source completed in 1800, four years before the canal. The lake covers an area of 130 acre and the path around it originally measured 2.5 mi. In places the lake was 25 ft deep, with the average depth being about 10 ft. When first constructed, it was capable of holding 400 million gallons (1,800 Ml) of water. The site was not a natural choice for a reservoir, as there was no natural hollow and plans exist which indicate the reservoir could have been built in the Ealees Valley which did. Consequently, three large earth embankments were built to enclose the reservoir. The main embankment, Hollingworth Bank, is approximately 36 ft high and about 220 yd in length. Fens Bank is 30 ft high and 220 yd long while Shaw Moss Bank is 26 ft high and 140 yd long. The lake surface is about 557 ft above sea level, A steam engine was installed to lift water 45 ft into a 4 mi channel which fed it into the summit pound at Chelburn. The pumping engine was demolished around 1910.</p><br>
<p>Local mill owners feared the canal would take water from the rivers and streams that powered their mills, and succeeded in defeating the first two attempts to obtain an act to authorise building the canal. The third attempt succeeded, largely because the canal company alleviated the millowners&#39; concerns, and the Act contained conditions on the siting of reservoirs, so they would not interfere with water supplies to the River Roch, River Irk or River Medlock. The lake, or "The Lodge" when first built, benefitted some millowners by supplying water to mills close to the canal and on the new low-level road from Todmorden to Littleborough. Houses were built for railway workers, reservoir workers, and workers in the new factories and cotton mills. The Lodge became known as The Lake, and became a popular place to walk.</p><br>
<p>By the 1920s, the Rochdale Canal was in serious decline, and in 1923 the Oldham and Rochdale Corporations Water Act authorised the sale of Hollingworth Lake and seven other reservoirs in the vicinity to the local authorities for use as a public water supply. The company received £396,667, from which it paid £98,334 to the Manchester Ship Canal Company in compensation for the loss of the water supplied by the Rochdale company, who retained the water rights to certain local streams, and could draw on the reservoirs under certain exceptional circumstances.</p><br>
<p>A major programme of civil engineering work to strengthen and reshape the earth dams was carried out in 1985. The outlet from the reservoir was rebuilt, and the level of the overflow was reduced. The work cost £2.5 million, and resulted in the lake being closed for leisure activities for almost a year. A ten-year statutory inspection of the reservoir in 2011 identified the need to improve the outflow arrangement so that water levels could be lowered more quickly in an emergency or after heavy rainfall. The £1.25 million project included a 9 ft concrete tower, with equipment on top raising its height by 9 ft but concerns expressed by the Friends of Hollingworth Lake and local councillors resulted in a tower half the height of the original design and clad in stone to fit in with the surroundings. The four-month project began in autumn 2011 and the water level was reduced by 6.6 ft while the work was in progress, but the lake remained open for watersports.</p><br>
<p>United Utilities is responsible for the maintenance of the reservoir whose main function is to supply water to the Rochdale Canal and has never been used to provide drinking water for the public supply network.</p><br>
<h2>Tourist resort</h2><br>
<p>The area developed rapidly after the arrival of the Manchester and Leeds Railway in 1839, and the construction of Summit Tunnel in 1841, the longest railway tunnel in Europe at that time. In the 1850s, Henry Newall of Harehill, owner of Harehill Woollen Mill and a recently built gasworks, and his engineer, Mr. Sladen, later the landlord of the Mermaid Inn, saw the potential of the lake as a tourist attraction. They leased the lake from the canal company and created novelty amusements and facilities for boating. Despite very cold water and strong undercurrents caused by water entering and leaving the lake, small rowing boats became popular, and two paddle steamers were operated from 1856. By 1860, there was a rowing club, and a regatta was held in 1862. Two hotels, the Beach Hotel and the Lake Hotel and Gardens, catered for day trippers and weekend visitors. The facilities were advertised by the railway companies, who transported visitors to Smithybridge and Littleborough stations, for the short walk to the lake and its facilities.</p><br>
<p>The resort became known as the Weighvers Seaport, and Davenports "Guide to Hollingworth Lake", published from 1860 onwards, extolled its virtues in typical Victorian fashion... As you step on the embankment, which is considerable and scarcely looks artificial, the broad expanse of water at once presents itself to your vision. Your first feeling on beholding it is that of astonishment that so vast a basin, lying in that cup of hills, should not have become known to you before.... You will see Blackstone Edge to the east, towering above its fellows, and preaching from its rocky pulpit sermons to the solitude around.</p><br>
<p>There were two hotels in the area before the reservoir was built, the Fishermans Inn, developed from farm buildings at Littleborough, and the Blue Ball at Smithy Bridge, which was demolished and rebuilt in the 1970s. The Beach Hotel built at the start of development had accommodation and refreshment rooms, as well as outdoor platforms illuminated by gaslight which were used for picnic parties and dancing. The Lake Hotel and Pleasure Grounds, to which visitors could walk, travel by carriage around the eastern shore, or cross the lake by steamer, was built in the Swiss style on the opposite side of the lake. The company maintained a booking office at the ferry terminal which was connected to the hotel by a "Subaqueous Telegraph cable", laid on the lake bed. Its grounds were designed by Mr Henderson of Birkenhead, and had a bowling green, a croquet lawn, shrubberies and rustic arbours. Refreshments were served in a small building by the waters edge built for the boat club in 1860. Only the foundations of the hotel remain.</p><br>
<p>The Mermaid Inn had a 1777 date stone but this was not thought to be original. It closed in 1911. The Lodge Inn at Rakewood provided accommodation and food, and stabling for horses, as did the other hotels. It opened in 1826 and closed in 1917, and became two houses. Peanock Farm, on the south side of the lake, was rebuilt as the Queens Hotel in 1857, and had "a spacious pavilion and dancing stage in the grounds." It has reverted to being a farm. The Lancashire and Yorkshire Hotel, built in 1876, had an outdoor dancing platform covering 18,360 ft&sup2;. When it was demolished, the stone was reused to construct several houses. Now a private house, the Star Inn was in Littleborough near the Fishermans Inn and close to both stations were hotels called the Railway. Smithy Bridge had a beer house called the Royal Oak, and there were unlicensed refreshment rooms around the lake. Many private houses supplied "tea in jugs and sandwiches". The resort catered for 6,000 miners, who arrived at the lake on 13 August 1866 for a conference.</p><br>
<p>In November 1865, Mr Newhall was notified of "the immoralities which it is stated take place in connection with the dancing stages at Hollingworth." Two months later he replied that if such immoralities were taking place, they were certainly not doing so on any part of the reservoir or land which he was leasing from the canal company.</p><br>
<p>At the height of its popularity in the late 19th century, there were three lake steamers, and visitors arrived by trains from Manchester, Leeds and Bradford. The rowing club folded after a few years, and the clubhouse was used by the Lake Hotel for refreshments but the club reformed in 1872 and is still active. Fishing developed after 30,000 fish, mostly bream, dace and perch were introduced in 1863. A variety of stalls and lock-up shops, many close to the landing stage for the ferry, were soon trading in sweets, snacks and souvenirs, and on special holidays, there were fortune tellers, conjurers and tricksters. Although photography was in its infancy there were six businesses listed in Davenport&#39;s Guide as taking photographic portraits of visitors. Other attractions included a camera obscura, a stereoscopic exhibition, and a gymnasium, which was attached to the Beach Hotel. A roundabout with galloping horses, powered successively by a hand winch, a steam engine, a gas engine and finally electricity, remained at the lake until after the Second World War.</p><br>
<p>The lake&#39;s surface froze to a sufficient thickness to allow activities on the ice in 1860 and 1864, when over 2,000 people were recorded as skating. Teams from Leeds, Liverpool and Manchester used the lake for curling matches, and local teams even played cricket. Cricket was played in 1871, and in the 20th century the lake froze in 1902, 1907, 1924, 1929, 1941 and 1947. The lake almost dried up in 1934, when the water level dropped so low that stone farm buildings which had not been seen since 1800 became visible.</p><br>
<p>The fortunes of the resort improved in 1883, after a law was passed allowing boats to operate on Sundays. Huge crowds flocked to the lake, although a claim of 40,000 visitors on one occasion may be an exaggeration. Swimming became popular, despite the cold water, perhaps inspired by Captain Matthew Webb, who used the lake for training before becoming the first man to swim the English Channel from Dover to Calais in 1875. He competed against G A Jennings of Tunbridge Wells in a 5-hour endurance swim in 1881. Regular swimming competitions were held from 1882, including the mile championship. The distance was covered in 26 minutes 8 seconds by a local man named Joseph Nuttall when he swam against McCusker from the United States, in the "World Professional Mile Championship", allegedly watched by a crowd of 20,000.</p><br>
<h3>Decline</h3><br>
<p>By the beginning of the 20th century, travel was easier, people took longer holidays, and the lakes attraction started to diminish. Some hotels closed and the Beach Hotel burned down in 1901 although it was rebuilt. The stunts and shows stopped and by the start of the First World War the lake was in decline. There was an upsurge in activity when a training camp for the Manchester Regiment was set up in the Ealees Valley and the hotels and local houses accommodated wives and visitors. Most soldiers from the camp were sent to the Dardanelles, but few returned as many were killed on the beaches when they tried to land. After that war, the rowing club developed and the lake was used for sailing. Day visitors could hire rowing or motor boats, but only the Fishermans Inn and the Beach Hotel remained open.</p><br>
<h3>Revival</h3><br>
<p>In 1950, the boating rights which had been held by the Water Board since 1923 were taken over by Rochdale Council, who also planned to turn the area into a country park in 1974. Ten years later, it was in a list of the top ten country parks in England. It is now used for recreation and includes a wildlife sanctuary. Currently there are two public houses by the lake, the Beach Hotel and the Wine Press, which was formerly the Fisherman&#39;s Inn.</p><br>
<h2>Activities</h2><br>
<p>The lake supports watersports like sailing, windsurfing, canoeing, swimming, rafting, rowing and fishing. Since 1989, Hollingworth Lake Water Activity Centre has offered tuition in outdoor activities, including kayaking, canoeing, power boating and sailing. In summer, visitors can hire rowing boats. The centre used to operate a 34 ft launch The Lady Alice at weekends during the summer months to provide trips around the lake, but the boat has been out of service since 2009 as it requires a major refit, which is not economically viable at the present time.</p><br>
<p>The scenic walk, 2.5 mi around the lake, passes a nature reserve with a bird hide in the south-western corner of the lake, in an area from which boats and watersports are excluded. The lake provides habitat for a variety of wildlife and is used for fishing. The variety of fish has been expanded by stocking the lake with carp, tench and roach, in addition to those introduced in 1863. The country park is used for activities for children, who catch various types of pond life. The path around the lake is a gravel track from the Beach Hotel to the far side of the Lake, and then follows Rakewood Road and Hollingworth Road. A children&#39;s playground and trim trail for adults known as the Woodland Enviro Gym situated where the path joins Rakewood Road, was opened on 7 August 2010. The facility was funded by the Big Lottery Community Spaces fund, and was the idea of the Friends of Hollingworth Lake, a group working to improve the facilities, which was set up as an informal society in November 2007, but was registered as a private company limited by guarantee in May 2010 to enable it to handle grant applications.</p><br>
<p>Lake users have included:</p><br>
<p>Hollingworth Lake Rowing Club, whose yearly regatta has attracted many other clubs since it was first held in 1964. The club was re-formed in 1872 after its initial demise.</p><br>
<p>Hollingworth Lake Sailing Club, which was founded in 1946, and offers six classes of dinghy sailing.</p><br>
<p>The Sea Cadets training centre "T.S. Palatine", located on the south side of the lake, was opened on 16 May 1960 by Lord Derby, and offered training in rowing, sculling and seamanship. Despite providing training for around 1,500 young people each year, the Sea Cadets took the decision to close the centre from 30 April 2011, as the organisation would be better served in the north west of England by the new Crosby Lakeside Adventure Centre.</p><br>
<p>To the east, a visitor centre shows children&#39;s artwork and objects found in the lake. The annual Easter fun fair runs from the Thursday before Easter until the following Sunday, on a car park by the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>The lake and its surroundings are served by the Smithy Bridge and Littleborough railway stations, which link west to Rochdale, Oldham and Manchester, and east to West Yorkshire. Smithy Bridge station stands beside a barrier-operated level crossing and Smithy Bridge signal box.</p><br>
<p>Hollingworth Lake is served by buses from Rochdale including the 455 (Rochdale, Smallbridge, Hollingworth Lake and Littleborough), and the 456 (Rochdale, Wardle and Hollingworth Lake).</p><br>
<p>It is easily accessible by road from junction 21 of the M62 motorway (via the A640 and B6225 roads) and has three pay and display car parks.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>The Racquet Club of Philadelphia  is a private social club and athletic club in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It has facilities for squash, real tennis, and racquets. The club is ranked in the Top 20 Athletic Clubs on the Platinum Club of America list.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Established in 1889, the club started its life in a modest facility at 923 Walnut Street. Under the leadership of George D. Widener, the current 16th Street Clubhouse was built by noted architect Horace Trumbauer. Historian Nathaniel Burt described the new 1907 Clubhouse as "by far the best appointed...of all Philadelphia clubs." The clubhouse is one of the first reinforced concrete structures designed in Philadelphia, and also includes the worlds first above grade swimming pool, designed by the noted bridge builders Roebling Construction Company. The buildings red-brick, Georgian design, is evocative of historic Philadelphia, and the Clubhouse was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The club was the site of the invention of squash doubles by Frederich C. Tompkins. The new building had a space that was too large for a standard squash court but too small for further locker facilities and Tomkins recommended that it be used for squash doubles.</p><br>
<p>The Racquet Clubs athletic facilities include 6 international squash singles courts, 1 squash doubles court, a real tennis court, a racquets court, and a fitness facility. The club also has overnight rooms for the use of members and sponsored guests, as well as a bar and serves lunch daily. The club is open to members 365 days a year. Located on 16th Street between Walnut and Locust, it is in the heart of Philadelphias Rittenhouse Square area.</p><br>
<p>The club has hosted several international real tennis, racquets, and doubles squash tournaments and championships.</p><br>
<p>The USA Squash Hall of Fame was briefly at the club until moving to Yale University.</p><br>
<h2>Championship members</h2><br>
<p>Jock Soutar.</p><br>
<p>Jay Gould II.</p><br>
<p>Morris Clothier.</p><br>
